User:Gleki/Grammatical mood
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| Mood | Event, as intended by speaker | Example | Lojban | Problem with adaptation to Lojban | Found in |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjunctive | Event is considered unlikely (mainly used in dependent clauses). | "If I loved you...", "May I love you" | ganai la'anai ... gi ...
ganai ju'onai ... gi |
doesn't take into account unlikeliness and assertion of not possibly becoming real thus not being different from Conditional (add to na ku da'i toi?) | English | Latin | German | Romance languages | Vedic Sanskrit | Proto-Indo-European | Hindi |
| Conditional | Event depends upon another condition. | "I would love you" | da'i
ganai ... gi |
English | German | Romance languages | Icelandic | Irish | Hindi | Finnish | Hungarian | |
| Optative | Event is hoped,[1] expected, or awaited. | "May I be loved!" | .a'o
ba'a .au |
doesn't relay expectation | Albanian | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Avestan | Proto-Indo-European |
| Jussive | Event is pleaded, implored or asked.[2] | "Everyone should be loved" | .ei | Arabic | Hebrew | Esperanto | |
| Potential | Event is probable or considered likely | "She probably loves me" | la'a | Finnish | Japanese | Sanskrit | Sami languages | Proto-Indo-European | |
| Imperative and Prohibitive | Event is directly ordered or requested by the speaker.[3] Prohibitive is the negation of an imperative statement, i.e., the speaker prohibits an event (orders to it not occur).[4] | "Love me!", "Do not love me" | .e'i (BPFK) | The CLL doesn't have an example of .e'i | English[3] | Seri | Latin | Portuguese (Portuguese has distinct Imperative and Prohibitive moods) | Finnish | Hungarian |
| Desiderative | Event is desired/wished by a participant in the state of affairs referred to in the utterance[5] | "I wish she loved me." | .au | Sanskrit | Japanese | Proto-Indo-European | |
| Dubitative | Event is uncertain, doubtful, dubious.[6] | "I think she loves me." | ju'ocu'i | The CLL uses ju'o and la'a scales for hypothetical worlds | Ojibwe[6] | Turkish |
| Hypothetical | Event is hypothetical, or it is counterfactual, but possible.[7] | "I might love you [if...]" | da'i | Russian | Lakota[7] | |
| Presumptive | Event is assumed, presupposed by the speaker | There is no exact English example, although it could be translated as: "[Even if] he loves you [...]" | no translation? | Romanian | Hindi | Punjabi | Gujarati | |
| Permissive | Event is permitted by the speaker.[8] | "You may [not] love me..." | .e'a | Lithuanian (as a form of optative mood) | |
| Admirative | Event is surprising or amazing (literally or in irony or sarcasm). | "Wow! She loves me!" | u'e, ue | Turkish | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Albanian | Megleno-Romanian | |
| Hortative | Event is exhorted, implored, insisted or encouraged by speaker. | "Let us love!" | .e'ei | Latin (as a form of jussive) | Greek (as a form of the subjunctive)[9] | Hindi | |
| Template:Visanc | Event is likely but depends upon a condition. It is a combination of the potential and the conditional moods. | "I would probably love you [if...]" | ganai ... gi la'a ... | Finnish (in the epic poem Kalevala) | Estonian, in some dialects | |
| Precative | Event is requested by the speaker.[10] | "Will you love me?" | .e'o | ||
| Volitive | Event is desired, wished or feared by the speaker.[11] | "Would that you loved me!" / "God forbid [that] you love me!" | .au | ||
| Inferential | Event is nonwitnessed, and not confirmed. | There is no exact English example, although it could be translated as: "She is said to love me" | ti'e | ? | Turkish | Bulgarian (Inferential mood is called "renarrative mood") | Estonian (It is called "oblique mood") |
| Necessitative | Event is necessary, or it is both desired and encouraged. It is a combination of hortative and jussive. | .ei .e'ei | Armenian | Turkish | ||
| Interrogative | Event is asked or questioned by the speaker | "Does she love me?" | xu | Welsh | Nenets |
- ↑ "Optative Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ "Jussive Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 "Imperative Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ "Prohibitive Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ "WALS Online - Chapter The Optative". wals.info. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
- ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 "Dubitative Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 "Hypothetical Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ Loos, Eugene E.; Anderson, Susan; Day, Dwight H. Jr.; Jordan, Paul C.; Wingate, J. Douglas (eds.). "What is permissive mood?". Glossary of linguistic terms. SIL International. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
- ↑ Smyth, Herbert (1984). Greek Grammar. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 403–404 (§1797–1799). ISBN 0-674-36250-0.
- ↑ "Precative Mood". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
- ↑ "Volitive Modality". SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms (in English). 2015-12-03. Retrieved 2020-08-12.