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==Semantics of forethought logical connectives==
==Semantics of forethought logical connectives==
The [[zantufa jonma'o|forethought connectives]] of [[zantufa|Zantufa]] that is a series of parsers for unofficial Lojban are much more expressive than that of official grammar.
The [[zantufa jonma'o|forethought connectives]] of [[zantufa|Zantufa]] that is a series of parsers for unofficial Lojban are much more expressive than those of official grammar.


Zantufa is syntactic parser, and it does not fix rules for sematics by itself.
Zantufa is syntactic parser, and it does not fix rules for sematics by itself, though.


Here is only a suggestion of semantics of the forethought logical connectives in order to gain profit from expressiveness of Zantufa grammar.
Here is only a suggestion of semantics of the forethought logical connectives in order to gain profit from expressiveness of Zantufa grammar.
Line 77: Line 77:
{'''ga A gi B gi C'''}=(A∨B)∨C
{'''ga A gi B gi C'''}=(A∨B)∨C


[[Image:venn-ga.png|thumb|ga zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-ga.png|thumb|ga zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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{'''ga nai A gi B gi C'''}=(¬A∨B)∨C
{'''ga nai A gi B gi C'''}=(¬A∨B)∨C


[[Image:venn-ganai.png|thumb|ga zei nai zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-ganai.png|thumb|ga zei nai zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-ganaibo.png|thumb|ga zei nai zei bo zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-ganaibo.png|thumb|ga zei nai zei bo zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-inaja.png|thumb|i zei na zei ja zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-inaja.png|thumb|i zei na zei ja zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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{'''ge A gi B gi C'''}=(A∧B)∧C
{'''ge A gi B gi C'''}=(A∧B)∧C


[[Image:venn-ge.png|thumb|ge zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-ge.png|thumb|ge zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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{'''ge nai A gi B gi C'''}=(¬A∧B)∧C
{'''ge nai A gi B gi C'''}=(¬A∧B)∧C


[[Image:venn-genai.png|thumb|ge zei nai zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-genai.png|thumb|ge zei nai zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-genaibo.png|thumb|ge zei nai zei bo zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-genaibo.png|thumb|ge zei nai zei bo zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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{'''go A gi B gi C'''}=(A↔B)↔C
{'''go A gi B gi C'''}=(A↔B)↔C


[[Image:venn-go.png|thumb|go zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-go.png|thumb|go zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-gobo.png|thumb|go zei bo zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-gobo.png|thumb|go zei bo zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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{'''go nai A gi B gi C'''}=(¬A↔B)↔C
{'''go nai A gi B gi C'''}=(¬A↔B)↔C


[[Image:venn-gonai.png|thumb|go zei nai zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-gonai.png|thumb|go zei nai zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-gonaibo.png|thumb|go zei nai zei bo zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-gonaibo.png|thumb|go zei nai zei bo zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-ijonai.png|thumb|i zei jo zei nai zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-ijonai.png|thumb|i zei jo zei nai zei ven]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-gu.png|thumb|gu zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-gu.png|thumb|gu zei ven]]


===gu bo A gi B gi C gi ...===
===gu bo A gi B gi C gi ...===
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|}
|}


[[Image:venn-gunai.png|thumb|gu zei nai zei venn]]
[[Image:venn-gunai.png|thumb|gu zei nai zei ven]]


===gu nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...===
===gu nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...===

Latest revision as of 00:29, 11 July 2016

banjubu'o / français / 日本語 / English

Semantics of forethought logical connectives

The forethought connectives of Zantufa that is a series of parsers for unofficial Lojban are much more expressive than those of official grammar.

Zantufa is syntactic parser, and it does not fix rules for sematics by itself, though.

Here is only a suggestion of semantics of the forethought logical connectives in order to gain profit from expressiveness of Zantufa grammar.

The sentences in Lojban here follow the grammar of Zantufa_1.16.

List of symbols used on this page

Symbol Definition
¬P na ku P
P ∨ Q P i ja Q
"so'i zo ja" ((((P0 ∨ P1) ∨ P2) ∨ ...) ∨ Pn)
P ∧ Q P i je Q
"so'i zo je" ((((P0 ∧ P1) ∧ P2) ∧ ...) ∧ Pn)
P ↔ Q P i jo Q
"so'i zo jo" ((((P0 ↔ P1) ↔ P2) ↔ ...) ↔ Pn)
P ⊕ Q P i jonai Q
"so'i lu jonai li'u" ((((P0 ⊕ P1) ⊕ P2) ⊕ ...) ⊕ Pn)
P ⊏ Q P i ju Q
"so'i zo ju" ((((P0 ⊏ P1) ⊏ P2) ⊏ ...) ⊏ Pn)
= P0
P ⊐ Q P i se ju Q
"so'i lu seju li'u" ((((P0 ⊐ P1) ⊐ P2) ⊐ ...) ⊐ Pn)
= Pn

In the following explanation, examples for 3-ary or 4-ary connection are sometimes accompanied with a truth value table. The falseness is represented by 0; the truth is represented by 1.

Examples for 3-ary connection are sometimes accompanied with a Venn diagram. White color represents falseness; orange color represents truth.

ga

ga A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ga P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo ja"

Example

3-ary case: {ga A gi B gi C}=(A∨B)∨C

ga zei ven
A B C A∨B (A∨B)∨C
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

ga bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ga bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ga P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo ja"

ga nai A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ga nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ga ¬P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)

Example

3-ary case: {ga nai A gi B gi C}=(¬A∨B)∨C

ga zei nai zei ven
A B C ¬A∨B (¬A∨B)∨C
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1

ga nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ga nai bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
"ganaibo"

Example

3-ary case:

{ga nai bo A gi B gi C}
= ((A→B)∧(B→C))
= ((¬A∨B)∧(¬B∨C))
ga zei nai zei bo zei ven
A B C ¬A∨B ¬B∨C (¬A∨B)∧(¬B∨C)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1
Difference

{ga nai bo A gi B gi C} ≠ {A i na ja B i na ja C}

A i na ja B i na ja C
= (A → B) → C
= ¬(¬A ∨ B) ∨ C
i zei na zei ja zei ven
A B C ¬A∨B ¬(¬A∨B)∨C
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0

ge

ge A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ge P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo je"

Example

3-ary case: {ge A gi B gi C}=(A∧B)∧C

ge zei ven
A B C A∧B (A∧B)∧C
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

ge bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ge bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ge P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo je"

ge nai A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ge nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ge ¬P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)

Example

3-ary case: {ge nai A gi B gi C}=(¬A∧B)∧C

ge zei nai zei ven
A B C ¬A∧B (¬A∧B)∧C
1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

ge nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

ge nai bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
"genaibo"

Example

3-ary case:

{ge nai bo A gi B gi C}
= {ge nai A gi nai B gi nai C}
= {A i na je nai B i je nai C}
= (¬A∧¬B)∧¬C
ge zei nai zei bo zei ven
A B C ¬A∧¬B (¬A∧¬B)∧¬C
1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1

go

go A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

go P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo jo"

Example

3-ary case: {go A gi B gi C}=(A↔B)↔C

go zei ven
A B C A↔B (A↔B)↔C
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0

go bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

go bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
"gobo"

Example

3-ary case:

{go bo A gi B gi C}
= ((A↔B)∧(B↔C))
go zei bo zei ven
A B C A↔B B↔C (A↔B)∧(B↔C)
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 1 1

go nai A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

go nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= go ¬P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)

Example

3-ary case: {go nai A gi B gi C}=(¬A↔B)↔C

go zei nai zei ven
A B C ¬A↔B (¬A↔B)↔C
1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

go nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

It is defined recursively as follows.

2-ary case of P0 and P1:
go nai bo P0 gi P1 (gi'i)
= go nai P0 gi P1 (gi'i)
= P0 ⊕ P1
= ¬P0 ↔ P1
3-ary case of P0, ... , Pn (n≥2):
go nai bo P0 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ((go nai bo P0 gi ... gi Pn-1 (gi'i)) ⊕ Pn) ∧ "gonaibo_na"

Example

3-ary case:
{go nai bo A gi B gi C}
= ((go nai A gi B) ⊕ C) ∧ ¬(A∧B)
= ((A⊕B)⊕C) ∧ ¬(A∧B)
go zei nai zei bo zei ven
A B C A⊕B (A⊕B)⊕C ¬(A∧B) ((A⊕B)⊕C) ∧ ¬(A∧B)
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
4-ary case:
{go nai bo A gi B gi C gi D}
= ((go nai bo A gi B gi C) ⊕ D) ∧ ¬(A∧B) ∧ ¬(B∧C) ∧ ¬(C∧A)
A B C D go nai bo A gi B gi C (go nai bo A gi B gi C) ⊕ D ¬(A∧B) ¬(B∧C) ¬(C∧A) ((go nai bo A gi B gi C) ⊕ D) ∧ ¬(A∧B) ∧ ¬(B∧C) ∧ ¬(C∧A)
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
Difference

{go nai bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)} ≠ {P0 i jo nai P1 i jo nai ... i jo nai Pn}

Here is, for example, the table of truth value of connection by {i jo nai}. It is different from that of {go nai bo A gi B gi C gi D}.

{A i jo nai B i jo nai C i jo nai D}
= {A i na jo B i na jo C i na jo D}
= ((A ⊕ B) ⊕ C) ⊕ D
i zei jo zei nai zei ven
A B C D A ⊕ B (A ⊕ B) ⊕ C ((A ⊕ B) ⊕ C) ⊕ D
1 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

gu

gu A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

gu P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo ju"
= P0

Example

3-ary case:

{gu A gi B gi C}
= (A ⊏ B) ⊏ C
= A
gu zei ven

gu bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

gu bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= gu P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= "so'i zo ju"
= P0

gu nai A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

gu nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= gu ¬P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ¬P0

Example

3-ary case:

{gu nai A gi B gi C}
= {gu ¬A gi B gi C}
= ¬A
gu zei nai zei ven

gu nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...

Definition

gu nai bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
gu ¬P0 gi ¬P1 gi ... gi ¬Pn (gi'i)
= ¬P0
= gu nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)

segu

se xi ky gu A gi B gi C gi ... (se gu, te gu, ve gu, xe gu, ..., se xi ro gu)

se xi ky gu P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= P0 i se ju P1 i se ju ... i se ju Pk i ju ... i ju Pn
= "ky lu seju li'u" i ju ... i ju Pn
= Pk i ju ... i ju Pn
= "ny vu'u ky zo ju"
= Pk
{se xi no gu} = {gu}
{se xi pa gu} = {se gu}
{se xi re gu} = {te gu}
{se xi ci gu} = {ve gu}
{se xi vo gu} = {xe gu}
...
{se xi ro gu P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)} = Pn

se xi ky gu bo A gi B gi C gi ...

se xi ky gu bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= se xi ky gu P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= Pk

se xi ky gu nai A gi B gi C gi ...

In the case of k=0
se xi no gu nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= gu ¬P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= ¬P0
In the case of k≠0
se xi ky gu nai P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= se xi ky gu ¬P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= Pk

se xi ky gu nai bo A gi B gi C gi ...

se xi ky gu nai bo P0 gi P1 gi ... gi Pn (gi'i)
= se xi ky gu ¬P0 gi ¬P1 gi ... gi ¬Pk gi ... gi ¬Pn (gi'i)
= ¬Pk
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