da'au: Difference between revisions

From Lojban
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
 
mNo edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:


bu is the only word in selma'o BU.  bu binds with the (pseudo-)word to the left to create a letteral.  bu is one of the [[jbocre: Magic Words|Magic Words]].
;'''[[jbocre: da'au|da'au]]''' [[jbocre: NA|NA]] bridi tautology: bridi tautology marker; transforms an entire bridi into a tautology


===  Interaction with other Magic Words ===
----


For every magic word, the interaction with all other magic words is defined.  This table covers all interactions of bu+word, where word is any of the magic words, both alone and within their own grammatical contexts.
This is not needed, as tautologies can already be obtained with ''kau'',


|| bu  | bu                | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to.         | bu bu              | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | the first bu is ungrammatical, as it has no word on the left to bind to.  The rest of the statement is ignored. |
the indirect question marker.


| bu .ybu            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | the first bu is ungrammatical, as it has no word on the left to bind to.  The rest of the statement is ignored.          | bu .abu            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | the first bu is ungrammatical, as it has no word on the left to bind to.  The rest of the statement is ignored. |
''da'au'' is equivalent to ''xukau'', which stands for the answer


fa'o | bu fa'o            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to.    lo'u | bu lo'u            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to. |
to ''xu'', which answer must by definition be whatever makes the


| bu lo'u le'u      | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to.     le'u | bu le'u            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to. |
sentence true.


sa  | bu sa              | [[jbocre: nil|nil]]          | sa backtracks to the beginning of the text, erasing bu.          | bu sa bu          | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | sa backtracks to the beginning of the text, erasing the first bu. The second bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to. |
That might work, but then how do you get the paradox operator (though admittedly it's much less useful.)


| bu sa .abu        | BY              | sa backtracks to the beginning of the text, erasing the first bu. The second bu binds with .a to create a BY pseudo-word. |
----


| bu sa broda        | broda            | sa backtracks to the beginning of the text, erasing bu. broda is then parsed. |
This can be useful in some "maybe, maybe not" contexts. For example:


si  | bu si              | [[jbocre: nil|nil]]          | si binds with bu and backtracks to the beginning of the text.         | bu si si          | [[jbocre: nil|nil]]          | the first si binds with bu and backtracks to the beginning of the text. the second si backtracks to the beginning of the text. |
;: John may or may not love Betty.


su  | bu su              | [[jbocre: nil|nil]]          | su backtracks to the beginning of the text.         | bu su su          | [[jbocre: nil|nil]]          | the first su backtracks to the beginning of the text. the second su backtracks to the beginning of the text. |
;: la djan. da'au prami la betis.


zei  | bu zei            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | zei binds with bu on the left, but there is nothing to bind on the right, which is ungrammatical. | *controversial
It also might be useful to add an experimental cmavo with the same meaning to [[jbocre: NAI|NAI]], so that this can be used in logical constructions.


| bu zei bu          | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | zei is not permitted to bind with bu on the left, so this statement is ungrammatical. | *controversial
If anyone is interested in a unary operator which always returns false, one can use "na da'au".


| bu zei .abu        | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | zei is not permitted to bind with bu on the left, so this statement is ungrammatical. | *controversial
----


| .abu zei bu        | zei-BRIVLA      | the first bu binds with .a to create a BY word.  zei binds with this BY on the left, then with bu on the right, creating a zei-BRIVLA. | *controversial
We would need further justification for {da'au}, because that one


| .abu zei .abu      | BY              | the first bu binds with .a to create a BY word.  zei binds with this BY on the left, then with bu on the right.  The second bu then binds with this zei-BRIVLA to create a BY pseudo-word. | *controversial
example could be said as:


zo  | bu zo              | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to.          | bu zo broda        | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to. |
;: da jei la djan prami la betis


zoi  | bu zoi            | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to.          | bu zoi .gy.        | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to. |
;: = Something is the truth value of that J loves B


| bu zoi .gy. .gy.  | [[jbocre: ungrammatical|ungrammatical]] | bu is ungrammatical with no word on the left to bind to. ||
--And.


Note that since bu is left-associative, most of the tests on this page are ungrammatical. For valid uses of bu, please see the bu examples on the other Magic Words pages.
That changes the structure of the sentence. We can also get a tautology with '' ganai la djan prami la betis gi la djan prami la betis'', but it changes the structure and so is not acceptable. ''xukau'' might be good though.


bu, like le'u, is interesting in that it is a valid Lojban word, but is by itself not grammatical.  This makes the bu's interaction with sa, si, and su different than it's behavior with other Magic Words, a trait it shares in common with le'u. 
----


===  Questions about interaction with other Magic Words ===
Also, we can borrow from [[jbocre: three-value logic|three-value logic]] and use ''sairu'e''. Thus:


'''Q''': If {bu bu} is not grammatical, what do I use for a bu letteral?
;: .i la djan cu sairu'e prami la betis


'''A''': If you're trying to express the concept of a "meta-letter," you might try {sei bu}, {skubancu bu} or {nunbancu bu}.  You can also quote bo with zo and bind that construct to bu: {zo bu bu}.  You could argue that the meaning of the first bu is lost before the second bu binds.
;: It is possible that it is likely that John loves Betty.
 
'''Q''': How do bu and sa interact?
 
'''A''': {sa bu} backtracks past the bu, but not the word bu is binding to.  This might be the only instance of one Magic Word decomposing a pseudo-word back into it's component words.  {sa by} backtracks past the BY pseudo-word created by BU.
 
'''Q''': In {sa bu} since sa backtracks to the beginning of the string, and bu is not grammatical without a word to bind on the left, what do I use for the sa letteral?
 
'''A''': If you're trying to express the concept of erasure, you might try {vimcu bu}.  You can also quote sa with zo and bind that construct to bu: {zo sa bu}.  You could argue that the meaning of sa is lost before bu binds.
 
'''Q''': What about the {si} and {su} letteral?
 
'''A''':
 
'''Q''': seriously zei?
 
'''A''': I'm fixing it.
 
===  See Also ===
 
* [http://dag.github.com/cll/17/3/ LL 17.3 Upper and lower cases]
* [http://dag.github.com/cll/17/4/ LL 17.4 The universal "bu"]

Revision as of 16:46, 4 November 2013

da'au NA bridi tautology
bridi tautology marker; transforms an entire bridi into a tautology

This is not needed, as tautologies can already be obtained with kau,

the indirect question marker.

da'au is equivalent to xukau, which stands for the answer

to xu, which answer must by definition be whatever makes the

sentence true.

That might work, but then how do you get the paradox operator (though admittedly it's much less useful.)

This can be useful in some "maybe, maybe not" contexts. For example:

John may or may not love Betty.
la djan. da'au prami la betis.

It also might be useful to add an experimental cmavo with the same meaning to NAI, so that this can be used in logical constructions.

If anyone is interested in a unary operator which always returns false, one can use "na da'au".

We would need further justification for {da'au}, because that one

example could be said as:

da jei la djan prami la betis
= Something is the truth value of that J loves B

--And.

That changes the structure of the sentence. We can also get a tautology with ganai la djan prami la betis gi la djan prami la betis, but it changes the structure and so is not acceptable. xukau might be good though.

Also, we can borrow from three-value logic and use sairu'e. Thus:

.i la djan cu sairu'e prami la betis
It is possible that it is likely that John loves Betty.
Retrieved from "https://mw-live.lojban.org/index.php?title=da%27au&oldid=74700"