toki pona enhanced: Difference between revisions
Line 119: | Line 119: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| akesi | | akesi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a non-cute animal (e.g. reptile, amphibian) | |is a non-cute animal (e.g. reptile, amphibian) | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ala | | ala | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to be false, is not | |to be false, is not | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ala | | ala | ||
| [ | | [number] | ||
|zero | |zero | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| alasa | | alasa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to be a hunter | |to be a hunter | ||
|to hunt, forage (something) | |to hunt, forage (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ale, ali | | ale, ali | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to represent all of them or each of them; is in abundance, is countless, bountiful, plentiful | |to represent all of them or each of them; is in abundance, is countless, bountiful, plentiful | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| anpa | | anpa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to bow down, to be downwards, to be humble, low, dependent | |to bow down, to be downwards, to be humble, low, dependent | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ante | | ante | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is different, altered, changed; other | |is different, altered, changed; other | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| anu | | anu | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to present either option; or | |to present either option; or | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| awen | | awen | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is enduring, kept, protected, safe, waiting, staying | |is enduring, kept, protected, safe, waiting, staying | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| e | | e | ||
| [ | | [particle] | ||
|(before the second noun of a verb) | |(before the second noun of a verb) | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| en | | en | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a union, is connected; and | |is a union, is connected; and | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| esun | | esun | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a market, shop, fair, bazaar, business transaction | |is a market, shop, fair, bazaar, business transaction | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ijo | | ijo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a thing, phenomenon, object, matter | |is a thing, phenomenon, object, matter | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ike | | ike | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is bad, non-essential, irrelevant | |is bad, non-essential, irrelevant | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ilo | | ilo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a tool, implement, machine, device | |is a tool, implement, machine, device | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| insa | | insa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a center, content, the inside, is between, is an internal organ, stomach | |is a center, content, the inside, is between, is an internal organ, stomach | ||
| | | | ||
Line 215: | Line 215: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jaki | | jaki | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is disgusting, obscene, sickly, toxic, unclean, unsanitary | |is disgusting, obscene, sickly, toxic, unclean, unsanitary | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| jan | | jan | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a human being, person, somebody | |is a human being, person, somebody | ||
| | | | ||
Line 227: | Line 227: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| jelo | | jelo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is yellow, yellowish | |is yellow, yellowish | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| jo | | jo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to have, carry, contain, hold | |to have, carry, contain, hold | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kala | | kala | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a fish, marine animal, sea creature | |is a fish, marine animal, sea creature | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kalama | | kalama | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to produce a sound; recite; utter aloud | |to produce a sound; recite; utter aloud | ||
| | | | ||
Line 251: | Line 251: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| kama | | kama | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to arrive, come, is in future | |to arrive, come, is in future | ||
|to arrive to, come to (place) | |to arrive to, come to (place) | ||
Line 257: | Line 257: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| kasi | | kasi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a plant, vegetation, herb, leaf | |is a plant, vegetation, herb, leaf | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ken | | ken | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to be possible | |to be possible | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kili | | kili | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a fruit, vegetable, mushroom | |is a fruit, vegetable, mushroom | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kiwen | | kiwen | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a rock, stone, metal, hard object | |is a rock, stone, metal, hard object | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ko | | ko | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a clay, clinging form, dough, semi-solid, paste, powder | |is a clay, clinging form, dough, semi-solid, paste, powder | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kon | | kon | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an air, to breath, is the essence, spirit, is a hidden reality, unseen agent | |is an air, to breath, is the essence, spirit, is a hidden reality, unseen agent | ||
| | | | ||
Line 305: | Line 305: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| kule | | kule | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is colorful, pigmented, painted | |is colorful, pigmented, painted | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kulupu | | kulupu | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a community, company, group, nation, society, tribe | |is a community, company, group, nation, society, tribe | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| kute | | kute | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an ear, to hear, listen, to pay attention to, obey | |is an ear, to hear, listen, to pay attention to, obey | ||
| | | | ||
Line 323: | Line 323: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| la | | la | ||
| [ | | [particle] | ||
|(between the topic and comment) | |(between the topic and comment) | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| lape | | lape | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to sleep, to rest | |to sleep, to rest | ||
| | | | ||
Line 335: | Line 335: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| laso | | laso | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is blue, green | |is blue, green | ||
| | | | ||
Line 341: | Line 341: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lawa | | lawa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a head, to represent a mind | |is a head, to represent a mind | ||
| | | | ||
Line 347: | Line 347: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lawa | | lawa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to control, direct, guide, lead, own, plan, regulate, rule | |to control, direct, guide, lead, own, plan, regulate, rule | ||
| | | | ||
Line 353: | Line 353: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| len | | len | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a cloth, clothing, fabric, textile, cover, layer of privacy | |is a cloth, clothing, fabric, textile, cover, layer of privacy | ||
| | | | ||
Line 359: | Line 359: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lete | | lete | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is cold, cool, uncooked, raw | |is cold, cool, uncooked, raw | ||
| | | | ||
Line 365: | Line 365: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| li | | li | ||
| [ | | [particle] | ||
|between any first noun except mi alone or sina alone and its verb; also used to introduce a new verb for the same first noun | |between any first noun except mi alone or sina alone and its verb; also used to introduce a new verb for the same first noun | ||
| | | | ||
Line 371: | Line 371: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lili | | lili | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is little, small, short, to represent a small number; few, a bit, young | |is little, small, short, to represent a small number; few, a bit, young | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| linja | | linja | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is long and flexible thing, is a line, cord, hair, rope, thread, yarn | |is long and flexible thing, is a line, cord, hair, rope, thread, yarn | ||
| | | | ||
Line 383: | Line 383: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lipu | | lipu | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a flat object, book, document, card, paper, record, website | |is a flat object, book, document, card, paper, record, website | ||
| | | | ||
Line 389: | Line 389: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| loje | | loje | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is red, reddish | |is red, reddish | ||
| | | | ||
Line 395: | Line 395: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lon | | lon | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is located at, is present at, is real, true, existing | |is located at, is present at, is real, true, existing | ||
| | | | ||
Line 401: | Line 401: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| luka | | luka | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|arm, hand, tactile organ | |arm, hand, tactile organ | ||
| | | | ||
Line 407: | Line 407: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| luka | | luka | ||
| [ | | [number] | ||
|five | |five | ||
| | | | ||
Line 413: | Line 413: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| lukin | | lukin | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to look, see, examine, observe, read, watch | |to look, see, examine, observe, read, watch | ||
|to look at, to see, examine, observe, read, watch (something) | |to look at, to see, examine, observe, read, watch (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| lupa | | lupa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a door, hole, orifice, window | |is a door, hole, orifice, window | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ma | | ma | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an earth, land, outdoors, world, country, territory, soil | |is an earth, land, outdoors, world, country, territory, soil | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| mama | | mama | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a parent, ancestor, creator, originator, caretakes, sustainer | |is a parent, ancestor, creator, originator, caretakes, sustainer | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| mani | | mani | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is some money, cash, savings, wealth, large domesticated animal | |is some money, cash, savings, wealth, large domesticated animal | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| meli | | meli | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a woman, female, feminine person, wife | |is a woman, female, feminine person, wife | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| mije | | mije | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a man, male, masculine person, husband | |is a man, male, masculine person, husband | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| moku | | moku | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to eat, drink, consume, swallow, ingest | |to eat, drink, consume, swallow, ingest | ||
| | | | ||
Line 467: | Line 467: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| moli | | moli | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is dead, to die | |is dead, to die | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| monsi | | monsi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is back, behind, rear | |is back, behind, rear | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| mun | | mun | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a moon, night sky object, star | |is a moon, night sky object, star | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| musi | | musi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is artistic, entertaining, frivolous, playful, recreational | |is artistic, entertaining, frivolous, playful, recreational | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| mute | | mute | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to represent a large number; many, a lot, more, several, very | |to represent a large number; many, a lot, more, several, very | ||
| | | | ||
Line 503: | Line 503: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nanpa | | nanpa | ||
| [ | | [particle] | ||
|_-th (ordinal number) | |_-th (ordinal number) | ||
| | | | ||
Line 509: | Line 509: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| nanpa | | nanpa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a number, to represent some quantity | |is a number, to represent some quantity | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| nasa | | nasa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is unusual, strange, foolish, crazy, drunk, intoxicated | |is unusual, strange, foolish, crazy, drunk, intoxicated | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| nasin | | nasin | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a way, custom, doctrine, method, path, road | |is a way, custom, doctrine, method, path, road | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| nena | | nena | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a bump, button, hill, mountain, nose, protuberance | |is a bump, button, hill, mountain, nose, protuberance | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ni | | ni | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is that, this (object or event) | |is that, this (object or event) | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| nimi | | nimi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a name, word | |is a name, word | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| noka | | noka | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a foot, leg, organ of locomotion; bottom, lower part | |is a foot, leg, organ of locomotion; bottom, lower part | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| olin | | olin | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to love | |to love | ||
|to love, have compassion for, respect, show affection to (someone or something) | |to love, have compassion for, respect, show affection to (someone or something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ona | | ona | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is he, she, it, they | |is he, she, it, they | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| open | | open | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to begin, start, open | |to begin, start, open | ||
|to begin, start, open, turn on (something) | |to begin, start, open, turn on (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pakala | | pakala | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is botched, broken, damaged, harmed, messed up | |is botched, broken, damaged, harmed, messed up | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pali | | pali | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to do, take action on, work on, build, make, prepare (something) | |to do, take action on, work on, build, make, prepare (something) | ||
|to do (some event) | |to do (some event) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| palisa | | palisa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a long hard thing, branch, rod, stick | |is a long hard thing, branch, rod, stick | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pan | | pan | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a cereal, grain; barley, corn, oat, rice, wheat; bread, pasta | |is a cereal, grain; barley, corn, oat, rice, wheat; bread, pasta | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pana | | pana | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to give, send, emit, provide, put, release | |to give, send, emit, provide, put, release | ||
|to give, send, emit, provide, put, release (something) | |to give, send, emit, provide, put, release (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pi | | pi | ||
| [ | | [particle] | ||
|of | |of | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pilin | | pilin | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a heart (physical or emotional), to feel (something; an emotion, a direct experience) | |is a heart (physical or emotional), to feel (something; an emotion, a direct experience) | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pimeja | | pimeja | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is black, dark, unlit | |is black, dark, unlit | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pini | | pini | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is in past, is completed, ended, finished | |is in past, is completed, ended, finished | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pipi | | pipi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a bug, insect, ant, spider | |is a bug, insect, ant, spider | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| poka | | poka | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a hip, side, nearby | |is a hip, side, nearby | ||
|to be next to (something) | |to be next to (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| poki | | poki | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a container, bag, bowl, cup, cupboard, drawer, vessel | |is a container, bag, bowl, cup, cupboard, drawer, vessel | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pona | | pona | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is good, positive, useful, friendly, peaceful, simple | |is good, positive, useful, friendly, peaceful, simple | ||
| to repair (something) | | to repair (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| pu | | pu | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to interact with the official Toki Pona book | |to interact with the official Toki Pona book | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sama | | sama | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is the same, similar, is a sibling, peer, fellow; each other | |is the same, similar, is a sibling, peer, fellow; each other | ||
|is the same as (something) | |is the same as (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| seli | | seli | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a fire, is a cooking element, chemical reaction, heat source | |is a fire, is a cooking element, chemical reaction, heat source | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| selo | | selo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an outer form, outer layer, bark, peel, shell, skin, boundary | |is an outer form, outer layer, bark, peel, shell, skin, boundary | ||
|is an outer part of (something) | |is an outer part of (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| seme | | seme | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is what? is which? | |is what? is which? | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sewi | | sewi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an area above, highest part, something elevated, is awe-inspiring, divine, sacred, supernatural | |is an area above, highest part, something elevated, is awe-inspiring, divine, sacred, supernatural | ||
|is an area above (something) | |is an area above (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sijelo | | sijelo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a body (of person or animal), physical state, torso | |is a body (of person or animal), physical state, torso | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sike | | sike | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is round or circular thing, ball, circle, cycle, sphere, wheel, one year long | |is round or circular thing, ball, circle, cycle, sphere, wheel, one year long | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sin | | sin | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is new, fresh, additional, another, extra | |is new, fresh, additional, another, extra | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| namako | | namako | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is special, gist, new fresh, woman as a special thing, to have umami taste | |is special, gist, new fresh, woman as a special thing, to have umami taste | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sinpin | | sinpin | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a face, foremost, front, wall | |is a face, foremost, front, wall | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sitelen | | sitelen | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an image, picture, representation, symbol, mark | |is an image, picture, representation, symbol, mark | ||
|is an image, picture, representation, symbol, mark of (something) | |is an image, picture, representation, symbol, mark of (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| sona | | sona | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to know | |to know | ||
|to be skilled in, be wise about, have information on (something) | |to be skilled in, be wise about, have information on (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| soweli | | soweli | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an animal, beast, land mammal | |is an animal, beast, land mammal | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| suli | | suli | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is big, heavy, large, tall, important; adult | |is big, heavy, large, tall, important; adult | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| suno | | suno | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is the sun, light, bright, is a glow, radiance, shine, light source | |is the sun, light, bright, is a glow, radiance, shine, light source | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| supa | | supa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a horizontal surface, thing to put or rest something on | |is a horizontal surface, thing to put or rest something on | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| suwi | | suwi | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is sweet, fragrant, cute, innocent, adorable | |is sweet, fragrant, cute, innocent, adorable | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| tan | | tan | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to be the reason or source | |to be the reason or source | ||
|to be the reason or source of (something) | |to be the reason or source of (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| taso | | taso | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to contradict; but, however, only | |to contradict; but, however, only | ||
|to contradict (something) | |to contradict (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| telo | | telo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a water, liquid, fluid, wet substance, beverage | |is a water, liquid, fluid, wet substance, beverage | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| tenpo | | tenpo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is the time, duration, moment, occasion, period, situation | |is the time, duration, moment, occasion, period, situation | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| toki | | toki | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to say, speak, talk (something), to communicate, use language, think | |to say, speak, talk (something), to communicate, use language, think | ||
|to say (something) | |to say (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| tomo | | tomo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is an indoor space, building, home, house, room | |is an indoor space, building, home, house, room | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| tu | | tu | ||
| [ | | [number] | ||
|two | |two | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| uta | | uta | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a mouth, lips, oral cavity, jaw | |is a mouth, lips, oral cavity, jaw | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| utala | | utala | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|to battle, challenge, compete against, struggle against | |to battle, challenge, compete against, struggle against | ||
|to battle, challenge, compete against, struggle against (something) | |to battle, challenge, compete against, struggle against (something) | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| walo | | walo | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is white, whitish, light-colored, pale | |is white, whitish, light-colored, pale | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| wan | | wan | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is unique, united | |is unique, united | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| wan | | wan | ||
| [ | | [number] | ||
|one | |one | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| waso | | waso | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is a bird, flying creature, winged animal | |is a bird, flying creature, winged animal | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| wawa | | wawa | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is strong, powerful, confident, sure, energetic, intense | |is strong, powerful, confident, sure, energetic, intense | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| weka | | weka | ||
| [ | | [verb] | ||
|is absent, away, ignored | |is absent, away, ignored | ||
| | | |
Revision as of 06:49, 27 July 2014
toki pona enhanced (aka TPE) is a dialect of toki pona that formalizes the syntax and the lexicon of toki pona employing advances in the science of Lojban.
Basic sentence structure
Main TPE words are verbs like
- "soweli" = to be an animal (e.g. a dog or a cat)
- "moku" = to eat (something)
soweli li moku
A mouse eats.
The verb before the particle "li" becomes a noun. The verb after "li" remains a verb.
TPE also have words that act only as nouns. Those are pronouns:
- "mi" = I
- "sina" = you
Thus they don't require "li" to separate them from the forthcoming verb:
mi moku
I eat.
Two nouns of a verb
Verb can have more than one noun:
mi moku e ijo
I eat something.
I eat food.
- "moku" = to eat (something)
The second noun is put after the verb and separated with the particle "e".
Compound verbs
- "toki" = to talk, say (something)
- "pona" = to be good, to repair (something)
- "toki pona" = to talk in a good way
toki pona li moku
A good talker eats.
Stringing verbs together makes the second, third etc. verbs modify the first verb. Thus we get adjectives that unlike English is put afterwards: literally in TPE we say "talker, the good, eats."
Pronouns can also modify verbs:
- "soweli" = to be an animal (e.g. cat)
- "soweli mi" = to be my animal
ni li soweli mi
This is my cat.
- "ni" = this
ona li soweli sina
It is your cat.
Modal verbs
Some verbs can be used as modal verbs (auxiliary verbs):
mi wile toki
I want to talk.
- "wile" = modal verb: to want to ...
Compound verb rule is applied to them. However, some modal verbs can function as verbs, in this case the rule with "e" is applied.
Negation
mi moku ala
I don't eat.
- "ala" = to be false, not
To negate a verb you put "ala" after it thus getting a compound verb.
Questions
The question verb "seme" is used for asking content questions:
seme li moku
Who eats?
Sentences with questions usually have a raising intonation.
sina moku ala moku
Do you eat?
moku
I do.
moku ala
I don't.
To ask yes/no questions repeat the verb twice with the word "ala" inside. To answer yes repeat that verb. To answer no repeat the verb with ala after it.
Pre-nouns
Pre-nouns work the same as modal verbs but make the next word a noun:
mi kepeken ijo
I use a tool.
- "kepeken" = modal verb: to use ...
- "ijo" = is a tool (like fork, knife ...)
Topic and comment
A more common sentence have two parts: topic and comment separated with the particle "la":
soweli li moku la ona li kepeken ijo
When a mouse eats it uses a fork. (literally)
A mouse eats using a fork (actual meaning)
- "ona" = he, she, they, it
Topic is before "la", comment is after "la".
"la" is used to express prepositions. In this case the preposition "with" is rephrased in TPE with the modal verb "kepeken".
"la" can also be used to express conditions like "if" and "when". This sentence can also be translated as "If a mouse eats it uses a fork."
Anaphora
soweli li moku la ona li kepeken ijo
When a mouse eats it uses a fork. (literally)
A mouse eats using a fork (actual meaning)
Anaphoric verb "ona" refers to the previous noun known from context. In this isolated example it definitely refers to the noun "soweli" since there are no other nouns before "ona".
Separating sentences
Sentences are separated by lowering the intonation till the end of the sentence and putting an at least short pause after them.
Question sentences are separated by raising the intonation till the end of the sentence and putting an at least short pause after them.
In writing sentence is separated by a dot placed at the end of it.
Linking sentences together
mi moku. en la mi tawa
- "tawa" = to go, to move (to some place)
- "en" = and
If you want to show that two sentences express the same idea use "en la" to connect them.
mi moku. sin la kon li seli
- "seli" = to be hot, to burn (something)
- "sin" = to be new
If you change the subject of what you are talking about start the next sentence with "sin la" to show it belongs to a new subject. In books "sin la" is also used to separate paragraphs.
Metaphorical usage of prepositions
The verb to say actually requires three nouns:
I say this to you.
- "toki" = to say (something)
"toki" specifies only the first two nouns. In such cases metaphors are used. In english to is used. TPE is similar in this regard. It uses "tawa":
mi tawa sina la mi toki e ni.
When I am towards you, I say this. (literally)
I say this to you.
- "tawa" = to go to (some place), to be oriented towards (something or someone)
Differences from toki pona
In toki pona language "moku" as a noun can mean both "eater" ("the one who eats") and "food". in TPE it means onle "eater". For the second meaning you say
mi moku e ijo. ona li pona
I eat something. It (i.e. food) is good.
Dictionary
TPE word | class | translation | translation with "e" | as modal verb |
---|---|---|---|---|
a, kin | [interjection] | (emphasis, emotion or confirmation) | ||
akesi | [verb] | is a non-cute animal (e.g. reptile, amphibian) | ||
ala | [verb] | to be false, is not | ||
ala | [number] | zero | ||
alasa | [verb] | to be a hunter | to hunt, forage (something) | |
ale, ali | [verb] | to represent all of them or each of them; is in abundance, is countless, bountiful, plentiful | ||
anpa | [verb] | to bow down, to be downwards, to be humble, low, dependent | ||
ante | [verb] | is different, altered, changed; other | ||
anu | [verb] | to present either option; or | ||
awen | [verb] | is enduring, kept, protected, safe, waiting, staying | to continue to | |
e | [particle] | (before the second noun of a verb) | ||
en | [verb] | is a union, is connected; and | ||
esun | [verb] | is a market, shop, fair, bazaar, business transaction | ||
ijo | [verb] | is a thing, phenomenon, object, matter | ||
ike | [verb] | is bad, non-essential, irrelevant | ||
ilo | [verb] | is a tool, implement, machine, device | ||
insa | [verb] | is a center, content, the inside, is between, is an internal organ, stomach | ||
jaki | [verb] | is disgusting, obscene, sickly, toxic, unclean, unsanitary | ||
jan | [verb] | is a human being, person, somebody | ||
jelo | [verb] | is yellow, yellowish | ||
jo | [verb] | to have, carry, contain, hold | ||
kala | [verb] | is a fish, marine animal, sea creature | ||
kalama | [verb] | to produce a sound; recite; utter aloud | ||
kama | [verb] | to arrive, come, is in future | to arrive to, come to (place) | to become, manage to, succeed in |
kasi | [verb] | is a plant, vegetation, herb, leaf | ||
ken | [verb] | to be possible | to be able to, be allowed to, can, may | |
kepeken | [verb] | to use, is a user | ||
kepeken | [pre-noun] | to use; with, by means of | ||
kili | [verb] | is a fruit, vegetable, mushroom | ||
kiwen | [verb] | is a rock, stone, metal, hard object | ||
ko | [verb] | is a clay, clinging form, dough, semi-solid, paste, powder | ||
kon | [verb] | is an air, to breath, is the essence, spirit, is a hidden reality, unseen agent | ||
kule | [verb] | is colorful, pigmented, painted | ||
kulupu | [verb] | is a community, company, group, nation, society, tribe | ||
kute | [verb] | is an ear, to hear, listen, to pay attention to, obey | ||
la | [particle] | (between the topic and comment) | ||
lape | [verb] | to sleep, to rest | ||
laso | [verb] | is blue, green | ||
lawa | [verb] | is a head, to represent a mind | ||
lawa | [verb] | to control, direct, guide, lead, own, plan, regulate, rule | ||
len | [verb] | is a cloth, clothing, fabric, textile, cover, layer of privacy | ||
lete | [verb] | is cold, cool, uncooked, raw | ||
li | [particle] | between any first noun except mi alone or sina alone and its verb; also used to introduce a new verb for the same first noun | ||
lili | [verb] | is little, small, short, to represent a small number; few, a bit, young | ||
linja | [verb] | is long and flexible thing, is a line, cord, hair, rope, thread, yarn | ||
lipu | [verb] | is a flat object, book, document, card, paper, record, website | ||
loje | [verb] | is red, reddish | ||
lon | [verb] | is located at, is present at, is real, true, existing | ||
luka | [verb] | arm, hand, tactile organ | ||
luka | [number] | five | ||
lukin | [verb] | to look, see, examine, observe, read, watch | to look at, to see, examine, observe, read, watch (something) | to seek, look for, try to |
lupa | [verb] | is a door, hole, orifice, window | ||
ma | [verb] | is an earth, land, outdoors, world, country, territory, soil | ||
mama | [verb] | is a parent, ancestor, creator, originator, caretakes, sustainer | ||
mani | [verb] | is some money, cash, savings, wealth, large domesticated animal | ||
meli | [verb] | is a woman, female, feminine person, wife | ||
mi | [pronoun] | I; me, we, us | ||
mije | [verb] | is a man, male, masculine person, husband | ||
moku | [verb] | to eat, drink, consume, swallow, ingest | ||
moli | [verb] | is dead, to die | ||
monsi | [verb] | is back, behind, rear | ||
mu | [interjection] | (animal noise or communication) | ||
mun | [verb] | is a moon, night sky object, star | ||
musi | [verb] | is artistic, entertaining, frivolous, playful, recreational | ||
mute | [verb] | to represent a large number; many, a lot, more, several, very | ||
nanpa | [particle] | _-th (ordinal number) | ||
nanpa | [verb] | is a number, to represent some quantity | ||
nasa | [verb] | is unusual, strange, foolish, crazy, drunk, intoxicated | ||
nasin | [verb] | is a way, custom, doctrine, method, path, road | ||
nena | [verb] | is a bump, button, hill, mountain, nose, protuberance | ||
ni | [verb] | is that, this (object or event) | ||
nimi | [verb] | is a name, word | ||
noka | [verb] | is a foot, leg, organ of locomotion; bottom, lower part | ||
o | [interjection] | hey! O! (vocative or imperative marker) | ||
oko | [verb] | is an eye | ||
olin | [verb] | to love | to love, have compassion for, respect, show affection to (someone or something) | |
ona | [verb] | is he, she, it, they | ||
open | [verb] | to begin, start, open | to begin, start, open, turn on (something) | |
pakala | [verb] | is botched, broken, damaged, harmed, messed up | ||
pali | [verb] | to do, take action on, work on, build, make, prepare (something) | to do (some event) | |
palisa | [verb] | is a long hard thing, branch, rod, stick | ||
pan | [verb] | is a cereal, grain; barley, corn, oat, rice, wheat; bread, pasta | ||
pana | [verb] | to give, send, emit, provide, put, release | to give, send, emit, provide, put, release (something) | |
pi | [particle] | of | ||
pilin | [verb] | is a heart (physical or emotional), to feel (something; an emotion, a direct experience) | ||
pimeja | [verb] | is black, dark, unlit | ||
pini | [verb] | is in past, is completed, ended, finished | ||
pipi | [verb] | is a bug, insect, ant, spider | ||
poka | [verb] | is a hip, side, nearby | to be next to (something) | |
poki | [verb] | is a container, bag, bowl, cup, cupboard, drawer, vessel | ||
pona | [verb] | is good, positive, useful, friendly, peaceful, simple | to repair (something) | |
pu | [verb] | to interact with the official Toki Pona book | ||
sama | [verb] | is the same, similar, is a sibling, peer, fellow; each other | is the same as (something) | |
seli | [verb] | is a fire, is a cooking element, chemical reaction, heat source | ||
selo | [verb] | is an outer form, outer layer, bark, peel, shell, skin, boundary | is an outer part of (something) | |
seme | [verb] | is what? is which? | ||
sewi | [verb] | is an area above, highest part, something elevated, is awe-inspiring, divine, sacred, supernatural | is an area above (something) | |
sijelo | [verb] | is a body (of person or animal), physical state, torso | ||
sike | [verb] | is round or circular thing, ball, circle, cycle, sphere, wheel, one year long | ||
sin | [verb] | is new, fresh, additional, another, extra | ||
namako | [verb] | is special, gist, new fresh, woman as a special thing, to have umami taste | ||
sina | [PRONOUN] | you | ||
sinpin | [verb] | is a face, foremost, front, wall | ||
sitelen | [verb] | is an image, picture, representation, symbol, mark | is an image, picture, representation, symbol, mark of (something) | |
sona | [verb] | to know | to be skilled in, be wise about, have information on (something) | to know how to |
soweli | [verb] | is an animal, beast, land mammal | ||
suli | [verb] | is big, heavy, large, tall, important; adult | ||
suno | [verb] | is the sun, light, bright, is a glow, radiance, shine, light source | ||
supa | [verb] | is a horizontal surface, thing to put or rest something on | ||
suwi | [verb] | is sweet, fragrant, cute, innocent, adorable | ||
tan | [verb] | to be the reason or source | to be the reason or source of (something) | |
taso | [verb] | to contradict; but, however, only | to contradict (something) | |
tawa | [verb] | to go, move, be oriented | to go to, to move to, to be oriented towards (something) | |
telo | [verb] | is a water, liquid, fluid, wet substance, beverage | ||
tenpo | [verb] | is the time, duration, moment, occasion, period, situation | ||
toki | [verb] | to say, speak, talk (something), to communicate, use language, think | to say (something) | |
tomo | [verb] | is an indoor space, building, home, house, room | ||
tu | [number] | two | ||
tu | [verb] | is a pair | ||
unpa | [verb] | to have sexual or marital relations | to have sexual or marital relations with (someone) | |
uta | [verb] | is a mouth, lips, oral cavity, jaw | ||
utala | [verb] | to battle, challenge, compete against, struggle against | to battle, challenge, compete against, struggle against (something) | |
walo | [verb] | is white, whitish, light-colored, pale | ||
wan | [verb] | is unique, united | ||
wan | [number] | one | ||
waso | [verb] | is a bird, flying creature, winged animal | ||
wawa | [verb] | is strong, powerful, confident, sure, energetic, intense | ||
weka | [verb] | is absent, away, ignored | ||
wile | [verb] | must, need, require, should, want, wish | must, need, require, should, want, wish to do (something) |