pronunciation guide in English: Difference between revisions

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=Tags=
==Tags==


Examples are either tagged with a [http://loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php language code] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects English dialect]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).
Examples are tagged with an [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects|English dialect]]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).


Tags currently used:
Tags currently used:
Line 9: Line 9:
* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English]
* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English]


=Tables=
== Phonology for all dialects ==
 
<u>Vowels (preferred)</u>


=== Vowels (preferred) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
Line 21: Line 20:
! a
! a
| [a]
| [a]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel Open front unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|Open front unrounded vowel]]
| a in hat (WaE)
|''a'' in ''h''<u>at</u> (WaE)
|-
|-
! e
! e
| [ɛ]
| [ɛ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel]
| e in bed
|''e'' in ''b''<u>ed</u>, dr<u>e</u>ss (GA)
|-
|-
! i
!i
| [i]
|[i]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel Close front unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Close_front_unrounded_vowel|Close front unrounded vowel]]
| ee in free
|''ee'' in ''fr''<u>ee</u>, b<u>ea</u>m (GA)
|-
|-
! o
!o
| [o]
|[o]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel]
| o in go (ScE)
|''aw'' in y<u>aw</u>n (AuE), ''o'' in ''g''<u>o</u> (ScE)
|-
|-
! u
!u
| [u]
|[u]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel Close back rounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Close_back_rounded_vowel|Close back rounded vowel]]
| oo in boot
|''oo'' in ''b''<u>oo</u>''t'', tr<u>ue</u> (GA)
|-
|-
! y
!y
| [ə]
|[ə]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowel Mid-central vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Mid-central_vowel|Mid-central vowel]]
| a in above
|''a'' in <u>a</u>''bove''
|}
|}


<u>Vowels (allowed)</u>
===Vowels (allowed) ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples
! scope="col" width="200px" |Notes
|-
|-
! a
!a
| [ɑ]
|[ɑ]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel Open back unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Open_back_unrounded_vowel|Open back unrounded vowel]]
| a in father
|''a'' in f<u>a</u>ther (GA)
|-
|-
! e
!e
| [e]
|[e]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Close-mid front unrounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|Close-mid front unrounded vowel]]
| ay in play (ScE)
|''ay'' in pl<u>ay</u> (ScE, not GA)
| Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong '''ei'''!
|-
|-
! o
!o
| [ɔ]
| [ɔ]
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel Open-mid back rounded vowel]
|[[wikipedia:Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|Open-mid back rounded vowel]]
| o in not (AuE)
|''o'' in n<u>o</u>t (AuE, not GA)
|
|}
|}


<u>Diphthongs</u>
===Diphthongs===
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
!lojban
! IPA
!IPA
! Examples
!Examples
|-
|-
! ai
!ai
| [aj]
|[aj]
| h<u>igh</u>, T<u>ai</u>pei
|h<u>igh</u>, T<u>ai</u>pei, pr<u>i</u>ze (GA)
|-
|-
! ei
!ei
| [ɛj]
| [ɛj]
| w<u>eigh</u>, Taip<u>ei</u>
|w<u>eigh</u>, Taip<u>ei</u>
|-
|-
! oi
!oi
| [oj]
|[oj]
| b<u>oy</u>
|b<u>oy</u>
|-
|-
! au
!au
| [aw]
|[aw]
| c<u>ow</u>
|c<u>ow</u>
|-
|-
! ia
!ia
| [ja]
|[ja]
| <u>ya</u>rd
|<u>ya</u>rd
|-
|-
! ie
!ie
| [jɛ]
|[jɛ]
| <u>ye</u>ll
|<u>ye</u>ll
|-
|-
! ii
!ii
| [ji]
|[ji]
| hear <u>ye</u>
|<u>ye</u>
|-
|-
! io
!io
| [jo]
|[jo]
| <u>yo</u>gurt
| <u>yo</u>gurt
|-
|-
! iu
!iu
| [ju]
|[ju]
| b<u>eau</u>ty
|b<u>eau</u>ty
|-
|-
! ua
!ua
| [wa]
|[wa]
| <u>wa</u>nder
|
<u>wa</u>nder
|-
|-
! ue
!ue
| [wɛ]
|[wɛ]
| <u>we</u>ll
|<u>we</u>ll
|-
|-
! ui
!ui
| [wi]
|[wi]
| <u>we</u>ak
|<u>we</u>ak
|-
|-
! uo
!uo
| [wo]
|[wo]
| <u>woe</u>
| <u>woe</u>
|-
|-
! uu
!uu
| [wu]
|[wu]
| <u>woo</u>
|<u>woo</u>
|-
|-
! iy
!iy
| [jə]
|[jə]
| mill<u>io</u>n
|-
|-
! uy
!uy
| [wə]
|[wə]
| <u>wa</u>s
|<u>wa</u>s (unstressed)
|}
|}


<u>Sibilants</u>
===Sibilants===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples
|-
|-
! c
!c
| [ʃ]
|[ʃ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]
| sh in shape
|sh in <u>sh</u>ape
|-
|-
! j
!j
| [ʒ]
|[ʒ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]
| s in measure, j in déjà vu
|s in mea<u>s</u>ure, j in dé<u>j</u>à vu
|-
|-
! s
!s
| [s]
|[s]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant]
| s in soon
|s in <u>s</u>oon
|-
|-
! z
!z
| [z]
|[z]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant]
| z in zinc
|z in <u>z</u>inc
|}
|}


<u>Fricatives</u>
===Fricatives===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples
|-
|-
! f
!f
| [f]
|[f]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative]
| f in fall
|f in <u>f</u>all
|-
|-
! v
!v
| [v]
|[v]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative]
| v in voice
|v in <u>v</u>oice
|-
|-
! x
!x
| [x]
|[x]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative]
| ch in loch (ScE)
|ch in lo<u>ch</u> (ScE)
|-
|-
! <nowiki>'</nowiki>
!<nowiki>'</nowiki>
| [h]
|[h]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative]
| h in hose
|h in <u>h</u>ose
|}
|}


<u>Affricates</u>
===Affricates===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" |lojban
! scope="col" width="64px" | IPA
! scope="col" width="64px" |IPA
! scope="col" width="256px" | Names
! scope="col" width="256px" |Names
! scope="col" width="224px" | Examples
! scope="col" width="224px" |Examples
|-
|-
! dj
!dj
| [dʒ]
|[dʒ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate]
| j in joke
|j in <u>j</u>oke
|-
|-
! tc
!tc
| [tʃ]
|[tʃ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate]
| ch in chat
|ch in <u>ch</u>at
|-
|-
! dz
!dz
| [ʣ]
|[ʣ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate]
| ds in pads
|ds in pa<u>ds</u>
|-
|-
! ts
! ts
| [ʦ]
|[ʦ]
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate]
|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate]
| ts in cats
|ts in ca<u>ts</u>
|}
|}


<u>Rhotic</u>
===Rhotics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!lojban
!IPA
!Examples
|-
!r
|[r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩]
|<u>r</u>ock
|}


===Nasals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
!lojban
! IPA
!IPA
! Examples
! Examples
|-
|-
! r
!n
| [r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩]
|[n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩]
| <u>r</u>ock
|<u>n</u>ose
|-
!m
|[m], [m̩]
|<u>m</u>ove
|-
|}
|}


<u>Nasals</u>
===Approximants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!lojban
!IPA
!Examples
|-
!l
|[l], [l̩]
|''l'' in <u>l</u>ake
|}


===Stops===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
!lojban
! IPA
! IPA
! Examples
! Examples
|-
|-
! n
!b
| [n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩]
| [b]
| <u>n</u>ose
|<u>b</u>ottle
|-
!d
|[d]
|
<u>d</u>ance
|-
|-
! m
!g
| [m], [m̩]
|[g]
| <u>m</u>ove
|<u>g</u>oose
|-
|-
!k
|[k]
|<u>k</u>een
|-
!p
|[p]
|<u>p</u>owder
|-
!t
|[t]
|<u>t</u>ime
|}
|}


<u>Stops</u>
==Phonology for GA speakers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!lojban
!IPA
! Examples
|-
!'
|[h]
|''h'' in <u>h</u>am
|-
!.
|[ʔ]
|the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel.
In some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of “t” : “bottle” [boʔl̩].
 
The English interjection “uh-oh!” almost always has it between the syllables.
|-
!a
|[ɑ]
|''a'' in f<u>a</u>ther
|-
!b
|[b]
|''b'' in <u>b</u>ottle
|-
!c
|[ʃ]
|''sh'' in <u>sh</u>ape
|-
!d
|[d]
|''d'' in <u>d</u>ance
|-
!e
|[ɛ]
|''e'' in dr<u>e</u>ss
|-
!f
|[f]
|''f'' in <u>f</u>all
|-
!g
|[g]
|''g'' in <u>g</u>oose
|-
!i
|[i]
|''ea'' in b<u>ea</u>m
|-
!j
|[ʒ]
|s in mea<u>s</u>ure, j in dé<u>j</u>à vu
|-
!k
|[k]
|''k'' in <u>k</u>een
|-
!l
|[l]
|''l'' in <u>l</u>ake
|-
!m
|[m]
|''m'' in <u>m</u>ove
|-
!n
|[n]
|''n'' in <u>n</u>ose
|-
!o
|[o]
|''au'' as in the French « haute » or ''o'' in the Spanish “c<u>o</u>mo”. No exact GA equivalent
|-
!p
|[p]
|''p'' in <u>p</u>owder
|-
!r
|[ɹ], [r̩]
|''r'' in <u>r</u>ight, ''r'' in bi<u>r</u>d
|-
!s
|[s]
|''s'' in <u>s</u>oon
|-
!t
|[t]
|''t'' in <u>t</u>ime
|-
!u
|[u]
|''ou'' as in the French « b<u>ou</u>le » or <u>u</u> in the German „St<u>u</u>hl“. No exact GA equivalent
|-
!v
|[v]
|''v'' in <u>v</u>oice
|-
!x
|[x]
|''ch'' in the German „A<u>ch</u>-Laut“
|-
!y
|[ə]
|totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth
|-
!z
|[z]
|''z'' in <u>z</u>oo
|}


=== Diphthongs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! lojban
!lojban
! IPA
!IPA
! Examples
!Examples
|-
!ai
|[aj]
|''i'' in br<u>i</u>de
|-
!ei
| [ɛj]
|''ay'' in st<u>ay</u>
|-
!oi
|[ɔj]
|''oy'' in b<u>oy</u>
|-
!au
|[aw]
|''ow'' in n<u>ow</u>
|-
!ia
|[jɑ]
|''ya'' in <u>ya</u>rd
|-
!ie
|[jɛ]
|''ye'' in <u>ye</u>s
|-
!ii
|[ji]
|
|-
!io
|[jo]
|
|-
!iu
|[ju]
|
|-
|-
! b
!ua
| [b]
|[wa]
| <u>b</u>ottle
|
|-
|-
! d
!ue
| [d]
|[wɛ]
| <u>d</u>ance
|
|-
|-
! g
!ui
| [g]
|[wi]
| <u>g</u>oose
|
|-
|-
! k
!uo
| [k]
|[wo]
| <u>k</u>een
|  
|-
|-
! l
!uu
| [l], [l̩]
|[wu]
| <u>l</u>ate
|
|-
|-
! p
!iy
| [p]
|[jə]
| <u>p</u>owder
|  
|-
|-
! t
!uy
| [t]
|[wə]
| <u>t</u>ime
|
|}
|}


=External Links=
==External Links==


* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.]
*[http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet]
*[http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet]
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs]
*[http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology English phonology]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects]

Latest revision as of 17:59, 29 March 2021

Tags

Examples are tagged with an English dialect. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).

Tags currently used:

Phonology for all dialects

Vowels (preferred)

lojban IPA Names Examples
a [a] Open front unrounded vowel a in hat (WaE)
e [ɛ] Open-mid front unrounded vowel e in bed, dress (GA)
i [i] Close front unrounded vowel ee in free, beam (GA)
o [o] Close-mid back rounded vowel aw in yawn (AuE), o in go (ScE)
u [u] Close back rounded vowel oo in boot, true (GA)
y [ə] Mid-central vowel a in above

Vowels (allowed)

lojban IPA Names Examples Notes
a [ɑ] Open back unrounded vowel a in father (GA)
e [e] Close-mid front unrounded vowel ay in play (ScE, not GA) Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong ei!
o [ɔ] Open-mid back rounded vowel o in not (AuE, not GA)

Diphthongs

A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a glide. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.

lojban IPA Examples
ai [aj] high, Taipei, prize (GA)
ei [ɛj] weigh, Taipei
oi [oj] boy
au [aw] cow
ia [ja] yard
ie [jɛ] yell
ii [ji] ye
io [jo] yogurt
iu [ju] beauty
ua [wa]

wander

ue [wɛ] well
ui [wi] weak
uo [wo] woe
uu [wu] woo
iy [jə] million
uy [wə] was (unstressed)

Sibilants

lojban IPA Names Examples
c [ʃ] Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant sh in shape
j [ʒ] Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant s in measure, j in déjà vu
s [s] Voiceless alveolar sibilant s in soon
z [z] Voiced alveolar sibilant z in zinc

Fricatives

lojban IPA Names Examples
f [f] Voiceless labiodental fricative f in fall
v [v] Voiced labiodental fricative v in voice
x [x] Voiceless velar fricative ch in loch (ScE)
' [h] Voiceless glottal fricative h in hose

Affricates

lojban IPA Names Examples
dj [dʒ] Voiced palato-alveolar affricate j in joke
tc [tʃ] Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate ch in chat
dz [ʣ] Voiced alveolar affricate ds in pads
ts [ʦ] Voiceless alveolar affricate ts in cats

Rhotics

lojban IPA Examples
r [r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩] rock

Nasals

lojban IPA Examples
n [n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩] nose
m [m], [m̩] move

Approximants

lojban IPA Examples
l [l], [l̩] l in lake

Stops

lojban IPA Examples
b [b] bottle
d [d]

dance

g [g] goose
k [k] keen
p [p] powder
t [t] time

Phonology for GA speakers

lojban IPA Examples
' [h] h in ham
. [ʔ] the catch in your throat that sometimes occurs prior to the beginning of a word (and sometimes a syllable) which starts with a vowel.

In some kinds of American English, it is used between vowels instead of “t” : “bottle” [boʔl̩].

The English interjection “uh-oh!” almost always has it between the syllables.

a [ɑ] a in father
b [b] b in bottle
c [ʃ] sh in shape
d [d] d in dance
e [ɛ] e in dress
f [f] f in fall
g [g] g in goose
i [i] ea in beam
j [ʒ] s in measure, j in déjà vu
k [k] k in keen
l [l] l in lake
m [m] m in move
n [n] n in nose
o [o] au as in the French « haute » or o in the Spanish “como”. No exact GA equivalent
p [p] p in powder
r [ɹ], [r̩] r in right, r in bird
s [s] s in soon
t [t] t in time
u [u] ou as in the French « boule » or u in the German „Stuhl“. No exact GA equivalent
v [v] v in voice
x [x] ch in the German „Ach-Laut“
y [ə] totally relaxed sound made with the tongue in the middle of the mouth
z [z] z in zoo

Diphthongs

lojban IPA Examples
ai [aj] i in bride
ei [ɛj] ay in stay
oi [ɔj] oy in boy
au [aw] ow in now
ia [jɑ] ya in yard
ie [jɛ] ye in yes
ii [ji]
io [jo]
iu [ju]
ua [wa]
ue [wɛ]
ui [wi]
uo [wo]
uu [wu]
iy [jə]
uy [wə]

External Links

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