pronunciation guide in English: Difference between revisions
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([a], not [ɑ], is preferred.) |
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=Tags= | ==Tags== | ||
Examples are | Examples are tagged with an [[wikipedia:International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects|English dialect]]. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA). | ||
Tags currently used: | Tags currently used: | ||
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* (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English] | * (WaE) = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_English Welsh English] | ||
== Vowels (preferred) == | |||
= | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ||
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! a | ! a | ||
| [a] | | [a] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Open_front_unrounded_vowel|Open front unrounded vowel]] | ||
| ''a'' in '' | |''a'' in ''h''<u>at</u> (WaE) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! e | ! e | ||
| [ɛ] | | [ɛ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel Open-mid front unrounded vowel] | ||
| ''e'' in '' | |''e'' in ''b''<u>ed</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! i | ! i | ||
| [i] | | [i] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Close_front_unrounded_vowel|Close front unrounded vowel]] | ||
| ''ee'' in '' | |''ee'' in ''fr''<u>ee</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! o | ! o | ||
| [o] | | [o] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel Close-mid back rounded vowel] | ||
| ''aw'' in y | |''aw'' in y<u>aw</u>n (AuE), ''o'' in ''g''<u>o</u> (ScE) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! u | ! u | ||
| [u] | | [u] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Close_back_rounded_vowel|Close back rounded vowel]] | ||
| ''oo'' in '' | |''oo'' in ''b''<u>oo</u>''t'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! y | ! y | ||
| [ə] | | [ə] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Mid-central_vowel|Mid-central vowel]] | ||
| ''a'' in '' | |''a'' in <u>a</u>''bove'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Vowels (allowed) == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ||
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! a | ! a | ||
| [ɑ] | | [ɑ] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Open_back_unrounded_vowel|Open back unrounded vowel]] | ||
| a in | | ''a'' in f<u>a</u>ther | ||
|- | |- | ||
! e | ! e | ||
| [e] | | [e] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel|Close-mid front unrounded vowel]] | ||
| ''ay'' in pl | |''ay'' in pl<u>ay</u> (ScE, not GA) | ||
| Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong | | Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong '''ei'''! | ||
|- | |- | ||
! o | ! o | ||
| [ɔ] | | [ɔ] | ||
| [ | |[[wikipedia:Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel|Open-mid back rounded vowel]] | ||
| ''o'' in n | |''o'' in n<u>o</u>t (AuE, not GA) | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Diphthongs == | |||
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable. | A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel glide]. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable. | ||
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! ii | ! ii | ||
| [ji] | | [ji] | ||
| | |<u>ye</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! io | ! io | ||
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! iy | ! iy | ||
| [jə] | | [jə] | ||
|mill<u>io</u>n | |||
|- | |- | ||
! uy | ! uy | ||
| [wə] | | [wə] | ||
| <u>wa</u>s | | <u>wa</u>s (unstressed) | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Sibilants == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ||
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! c | ! c | ||
| [ʃ] | | [ʃ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant] | ||
| sh in | | sh in <u>sh</u>ape | ||
|- | |- | ||
! j | ! j | ||
| [ʒ] | | [ʒ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant] | ||
| s in | | s in mea<u>s</u>ure, j in dé<u>j</u>à vu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! s | ! s | ||
| [s] | | [s] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative Voiceless alveolar sibilant] | ||
| s in | | s in <u>s</u>oon | ||
|- | |- | ||
! z | ! z | ||
| [z] | | [z] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative Voiced alveolar sibilant] | ||
| z in | | z in <u>z</u>inc | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Fricatives == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ||
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! f | ! f | ||
| [f] | | [f] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative Voiceless labiodental fricative] | ||
| f in | | f in <u>f</u>all | ||
|- | |- | ||
! v | ! v | ||
| [v] | | [v] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative Voiced labiodental fricative] | ||
| v in | | v in <u>v</u>oice | ||
|- | |- | ||
! x | ! x | ||
| [x] | | [x] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative Voiceless velar fricative] | ||
| ch in | | ch in lo<u>ch</u> (ScE) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <nowiki>'</nowiki> | !<nowiki>'</nowiki> | ||
| [h] | | [h] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative Voiceless glottal fricative] | ||
| h in | | h in <u>h</u>ose | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Affricates == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ! scope="col" width="64px" | lojban | ||
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! dj | ! dj | ||
| [dʒ] | | [dʒ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiced palato-alveolar affricate] | ||
| j in | | j in <u>j</u>oke | ||
|- | |- | ||
! tc | ! tc | ||
| [tʃ] | | [tʃ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate] | ||
| ch in | | ch in <u>ch</u>at | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dz | ! dz | ||
| [ʣ] | | [ʣ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate Voiced alveolar affricate] | ||
| ds in | | ds in pa<u>ds</u> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ts | ! ts | ||
| [ʦ] | | [ʦ] | ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate] | |[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate Voiceless alveolar affricate] | ||
| ts in | | ts in ca<u>ts</u> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Rhotics == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! lojban | ! lojban | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Nasals == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! lojban | ! lojban | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Approximants == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! lojban | ! lojban | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== Stops == | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! lojban | ! lojban | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=External Links= | ==External Links== | ||
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.] | * [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/10/ Notes on IPA symbols used here.] | ||
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet] | * [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/2/ Alphabet] | ||
* [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs] | * [http://lojban.github.io/cll/3/4/ Diphthongs] |
Revision as of 16:10, 28 March 2021
Tags
Examples are tagged with an English dialect. Any example that is not tagged is considered "General American" (GA).
Tags currently used:
- (AuE) = Australian English
- (ScE) = Scottish English
- (WaE) = Welsh English
Vowels (preferred)
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
a | [a] | Open front unrounded vowel | a in hat (WaE) |
e | [ɛ] | Open-mid front unrounded vowel | e in bed |
i | [i] | Close front unrounded vowel | ee in free |
o | [o] | Close-mid back rounded vowel | aw in yawn (AuE), o in go (ScE) |
u | [u] | Close back rounded vowel | oo in boot |
y | [ə] | Mid-central vowel | a in above |
Vowels (allowed)
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | [ɑ] | Open back unrounded vowel | a in father | |
e | [e] | Close-mid front unrounded vowel | ay in play (ScE, not GA) | Be careful not to confuse with the diphthong ei! |
o | [ɔ] | Open-mid back rounded vowel | o in not (AuE, not GA) |
Diphthongs
A diphthong is a vowel sound that consists of two elements: a short vowel sound and a glide. A labial (IPA [w]) or palatal (IPA [j]) glide either precedes (an on-glide) or follows (an off-glide) the main vowel. Diphthongs always constitute a single syllable.
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
ai | [aj] | high, Taipei |
ei | [ɛj] | weigh, Taipei |
oi | [oj] | boy |
au | [aw] | cow |
ia | [ja] | yard |
ie | [jɛ] | yell |
ii | [ji] | ye |
io | [jo] | yogurt |
iu | [ju] | beauty |
ua | [wa] | wander |
ue | [wɛ] | well |
ui | [wi] | weak |
uo | [wo] | woe |
uu | [wu] | woo |
iy | [jə] | million |
uy | [wə] | was (unstressed) |
Sibilants
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
c | [ʃ] | Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant | sh in shape |
j | [ʒ] | Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant | s in measure, j in déjà vu |
s | [s] | Voiceless alveolar sibilant | s in soon |
z | [z] | Voiced alveolar sibilant | z in zinc |
Fricatives
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
f | [f] | Voiceless labiodental fricative | f in fall |
v | [v] | Voiced labiodental fricative | v in voice |
x | [x] | Voiceless velar fricative | ch in loch (ScE) |
' | [h] | Voiceless glottal fricative | h in hose |
Affricates
lojban | IPA | Names | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
dj | [dʒ] | Voiced palato-alveolar affricate | j in joke |
tc | [tʃ] | Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate | ch in chat |
dz | [ʣ] | Voiced alveolar affricate | ds in pads |
ts | [ʦ] | Voiceless alveolar affricate | ts in cats |
Rhotics
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
r | [r], [ɹ], [ɾ], [ʀ], [r̩], [ɹ̩], [ɾ̩], [ʀ̩] | rock |
Nasals
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
n | [n], [n̩], [ŋ̍], [ŋ̩] | nose |
m | [m], [m̩] | move |
Approximants
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
l | [l], [l̩] | l in lake |
Stops
lojban | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|
b | [b] | bottle |
d | [d] | dance |
g | [g] | goose |
k | [k] | keen |
p | [p] | powder |
t | [t] | time |