me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 16 moi: Difference between revisions

Line 1:

''For a full list of issues, see '''[[zo'ei la'e "lu ju'i lobypli li'u"]]'''.''

''Previous issue: '''[[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 15 moi]]'''.''

''Next issue: '''[[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 17 moi]]'''.''

__TOC__

Number 16 - May-June 1992

2904 Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031 USA (703)385-0273

Permission granted to copy, without charge to recipient, when for purpose of promotion of Loglan/Lojban.

DOUBLE YOUR LOJBAN FUN -- TWO LOGFESTS THIS YEAR

JUNE 26-28 AND AUGUST 14-17, 1992

NEW DC AREA LOJBAN CLASS STARTING -- SIGN UP NOW!

DETAILS IN NEWS SECTION

</pre>

ju'i lobypli (JL) is the quarterly journal of The Logical Language Group, Inc., known in these pages as la lojbangirz. la lojbangirz. is a non-profit organization formed for the purpose of completing and spreading the logical human language "Lojban - A Realization of Loglan" (commonly called "Lojban"), and informing the community about logical languages in general.

la lojbangirz. is a non-profit organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Your donations (not contributions to your voluntary balance) are tax-deductible on U.S. and most state income taxes. Donors are notified at the end of each year of their total deductible donations.

For purposes of terminology, "Lojban" refers to a specific version of a logical human language, the generic language and associated research project having been called "Loglan" since its invention by Dr. James Cooke Brown in 1954. Statements referring to "Loglan/Lojban" refer to both the generic language and to Lojban as a specific instance of that language. The Lojban version of Loglan was created as an alternative because Dr. Brown and his organization claims copyright on everything in his version, including each individual word of the vocabulary. The Lojban vocabulary and grammar and all language definition materials, by contrast, are public domain. Anyone may freely use Lojban for any purpose without permission or royalty. la lojbangirz. believes that such free usage is a necessary condition for an engineered language like Loglan/Lojban to become a true human language, and to succeed in the various goals that have been proposed for its use.

Page count this issue: 48 + 40 enclosures = 88 ($8.80 North America, $10.56 elsewhere). Press run for this issue of ju'i lobypli: 265. We now have about 726 people receiving our publications, and 240 more awaiting textbook publication.

''' Your Mailing Label '''

Your mailing label reports your current mailing status, and your current voluntary balance including this issue. Please notify us of changes in your activity/interest level. Balances reflect contributions received thru 30 May 1992. Mailing codes (and approximate balance needs) are:

<pre>

Activity/Interest Level: Highest Package

Received (Price Each) Other flags:

B - Observer 0 - Introductory Materials ($5) JL JL Subscription

($28/yr)

C - Active Supporter 1 - Word Lists and

Language Description ($15) (followed by

expiration issue #)

D - Lojban Student 2 - Language Design

Information ($10) * indicates

subscription prepaid

E - Lojban Practitioner 3 - Draft Teaching

Materials ($30) LK LK Subscription ($5/yr)

R Review Copy (no

charge)

UP Automatic Updates

(>$20)

</pre>

Please keep us informed of changes in your mailing address, and US subscribers are asked to provide ZIP+4 codes whenever you know them.

''' Contents of This Issue '''

Important: Due to financial constraints, ju'i lobypli is converting to a full subscription basis, starting with the next issue (JL17). Please read the section on subscriptions for details.

It's been a while since last issue, as we attempted to get our finances back on an even keel. Our financial health plan is taking effect, and we expect future issues of JL to resume quarterly appearance (if you are a subscriber, of course). (I also want to apologize to people who have had to wait an excessively long time for materials ordered during the last 6 months. Hopefully the order backlog will have been corrected when you get this issue.)

As will usually be the case, this issue contains much material derived from the Lojban List computer mailing list on the Internet. Nearly all such material has been edited, revised, and corrected from the original.

We continue to be flooded with Lojban text from several writers, and some of this material will be found in this issue.

Several pieces in this issue relate to Lojban and computer applications, and our first research proposal is reprinted.

The main body of this issue will be short, because we are including two long enclosures: a major paper by John Cowan on Lojban tense structures, and a major revision/improvement of the Diagrammed Summary of Lojban Grammar Forms, which is becoming the mainstay of our introductory materials. Some of the material originally prepared for this issue, including about 10 pages of discussion of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, will be delayed until JL17 (which, having this extra preparation done, is much more likely to come out on time!)

<pre>

Table of Contents

Brief Glossary of Lojban Terms ---3

News

Subscriptions and Finances ---3

Athelstan Injured ---4

Language Education ---5

Electronic Distribution ---5

Logfest 92 ---7

Language Development Status ---8

Status of Products --12

Schedule --19

Using the Language --19

Research Using Lojban --20

International News/Publicity --21

News From the Institute --21

~~Number~~ 16 - ~~May~~-~~June~~ 1992

le lojbo se ciska --22, 25, 31, 35, 37, 41

~~Copyright~~ 1992, The Logical Language Group, Inc.

Text of the Court of Appeals Decision --23

~~2904 Beau Lane~~, Fairfax VA ~~22031 USA~~ (~~703~~)~~385~~-~~0273~~

lei lojbo --26

~~Permission granted~~ to copy, without ~~charge~~ to ~~recipient~~, when for

la lojbangirz.'s First Research Proposal --27

purpose of promotion of Loglan/Lojban.

DLT - Esperanto-based Machine Translation --34

A Lojbanic Cultural Allegory --36

Morphology Algorithm --39

Translations of le lojbo se ciska --42

Next Issue --46

Sample Pages from Forthcoming Dictionary --46

</pre>

''' Computer Net Information '''

Via Usenet/UUCP/Internet, you can send messages and text files (including things for JL publication) to la lojbangirz./Bob at: lojbab@grebyn.com (This is a new address and supersedes the prior "snark" address.)

You can also join the Lojban List mailing list (currently around 80 subscribers). Send a single line message (automatically processed) containing only:

"subscribe lojban yourfirstname yourlastname" to: listserv@cuvmb. cc.columbia.edu

If you have problems needing human intervention, send to: lojban-list-request@snark.thyrsus.com

Send traffic for the mailing list to: lojban@cuvmb.cc.columbia.edu

Please keep us informed if your network mailing address changes.

Compuserve subscribers can also participate. Precede any of the above addresses with INTERNET: and use your normal Compuserve mail facility. If you want to participate on Lojban List, you should be prepared to read your mail at least every couple of days; otherwise your mailbox fills up and you are dropped from the mailing-list. FIDOnet subscribers can also participate, although the connection is not especially robust. Write to us for details if you don't know how to access the Internet network.

Whether you wish to participate in the news-group or not, it is useful for us to know your Compuserve or Usenet/Internet address.

We've been requested to more explicitly identify people who are referred to by initials in JL, and will regularly do so in this spot, immediately before the news section. Note that 'Athelstan' is that person's real name, used in his public life, and is not a pseudonym. 'pc' - Dr. John Parks-Clifford, Professor of Logic and Philosophy at the University of Missouri - St. Louis and Vice-President of la lojbangirz.; he is usually addressed as 'pc' by the community.

'Bob', 'lojbab' - Bob LeChevalier - President of la lojbangirz., and editor of ju'i lobypli and le lojbo karni.

'Nora' - Nora LeChevalier - Secretary/Treasurer of la lojbangirz., Bob's wife, author of LogFlash.

'JCB', 'Dr. Brown' - Dr. James Cooke Brown, inventor of the language, and founder of the Loglan project.

'The Institute', 'TLI' - The Loglan Institute, Inc., JCB's organization for spreading his version of Loglan, which we call 'Institute Loglan'.

'Loglan' - This refers to the generic language or language project, of which 'Lojban' is the most successful version, and 'Institute Loglan' another. 'Loglan/Lojban' is used in discussions about Lojban where we wish to make it particularly clear that the statement applies to the generic language as well.

'PLS' - The Planned Languages Server, a no-charge computer-network-accessed distribution center for materials on Lojban (and other artificial languages).

== Brief Glossary of Lojban ==

Terms Following are definitions of frequently used Lojban terms. More complete explanations of the following are in the Overview of Lojban.

cmavo - Lojban structure words

gismu - Lojban root words; currently 1337;

rafsi - affix combining forms for the gismu;

lujvo - compound words built from rafsi;

le'avla - words borrowed from other languages;

brivla - Lojban predicate words, consisting of gismu, lujvo. and le'avla.

tanru - Lojban metaphors, the most productive and creative expression form of the language;

sumti - the arguments of a logical predicate;

selbri - Lojban predicates which indicate a relation among one or more sumti. A selbri is most often a brivla or tanru; formerly called "kunbri" in error;

bridi - Lojban predications, the basic grammatical structure of the language; a bridi expresses a complete relationship: the selbri expresses the relation and the sumti express the various things being related;

selma'o - grammatical categories of Lojban words; the basis of the unambiguous formal grammar of the language. Traditionally and erroneously called "lexeme" in the Loglan community. These categories typically have a name derived from one word in that grammatical category; the name is all capitals, except that an apostrophe is replaced by a small letter 'h'.

== News ==

=== Subscriptions and Finances ===

This may be your last issue of ju'i lobypli.

We are converting JL to a subscription basis. This is the last issue sent to those not explicitly requesting (and in most cases paying for) a subscription.

At this point some 65 people have returned forms requesting a subscription. Perhaps half of these have sufficient balances to cover their subscription price.

Our new special fund for 'scholarship subscriptions' will not allow us to support more than a few people on a non-paying basis, and these free subscriptions will be reserved for those who are actively working in the language, but cannot pay (mostly international supporters).

So here's where things stand:

* For US and Canadian subscribers, the subscription price will be US$28 for 4 issues (hopefully 1 year - but our commitment will be for a number of issues rather than a date, just in case). For those in other countries, the subscription price will be US$35 for 4 issues.

* If you have not returned a subscription form, and have a negative balance worse than $-10 after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a "JL 16" on it indicating that your 'subscription' expires with the current issue. We must receive a signed subscription request form and enough money to cover the subscription price AND at least 1/2 of your negative balance. If you cannot afford this amount, you may request scholarship assistance on the subscription form, but you will be lowest priority for such subscriptions unless you are a very active volunteer. Contributing some of the amount required will raise your priority considerably.

* If you have not returned a subscription form, and have between $-10 and $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a "JL 16" on it indicating that your 'subscription' expires with the current issue. We must receive a signed subscription request form and enough money to cover the subscription price. If you cannot afford this amount, you may request scholarship assistance on the subscription form. Contributing some of the amount required will raise your priority considerably.

* If you have not returned a subscription form, and have more than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a number between "JL 17" and "JL 20" on it indicating that your subscription expires with the indicated issue. Your balance will be deducted at a rate of $10 per issue (substantially above the subscription price for US and Canada recipients, less so for overseas recipients), for up to 4 issues, until your balance drops below $10, or until we receive a form and/or other instructions from you. You will be given the lower-priced 4-issue subscription rate when we receive your signed subscription request form (and preferably enough money to raise your balance above the subscription minimum). If you cannot afford the subscription amount, you may request scholarship assistance on the subscription form. You will receive highest priority after the most active volunteers to gain such assistance to fill out your balance to a 4-issue subscription.

* If you have returned a subscription form and have more than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a number between "JL 17" and "JL 20" on it; your subscription expires with the indicated issue. You have either been given a full four-issue subscription (if there is enough in your balance to cover the price), or a partial-year subscription prorated to your balance amount ($7/issue for US/Canada). The subscription price has been deducted from your balance, and an "*" on the mailing label indicates that your subscription has been paid. You need do nothing to continue receiving JL; we will notify you by direct mail prior to your last subscription issue for renewal.

* If you have returned a subscription form and have less than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), and you sent at least $40 in balance contributions between 1 Dec. 1991 and 15 April 1992, your mailing label will have "JL 20" on it. You have been given a full four-issue subscription. The subscription price has been deducted from your balance, and an "*" on the mailing label indicates that your subscription has been paid. You need do nothing to continue receiving JL; we will notify you prior to your last subscription issue for renewal.

* If you have returned a subscription form and have less than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), and you have sent less than $40 in balance contributions since 1 December 1991, your mailing label will have a number between "JL 17" and "JL 19" on it indicating that your subscription expires with the indicated issue. You been given a part-year subscription. We have deducted the cost of this issue from your contribution (if any), and determined your prorated subscription period based on 1/2 of the remaining contribution (if any), with a minimum of 1 issue. The amount of the subscription has been deducted from your balance, and an "*" on the mailing label indicates that your subscription has been paid. You need do nothing to continue receiving JL; we will notify you prior to your last subscription issue for renewal. However, we ask that you contribute to bring your balance positive if possible.

* If you have returned a subscription form and asked for scholarship support for your subscription: we have not yet decided who will get such support, but given the above policy, you will at least receive JL17.

* If you are an overseas recipient of JL, then you are slated to receive at least through "JL 17" since you have received no chance to send in a subscription request form until now. Your balance will be charged $10 for JL17 if we have not received a form prior to that issue.

* When you stop receiving JL after the subscription expiration issue, you will automatically be switched to a subscription to the newsletter le lojbo karni (LK - subscription price of around $5 per year). We expect to cull the LK mailing list after the next fund-raising mailer, dropping those people with balances less than $-30.

We haven't yet received enough subscription forms to justify applying for a 2nd class postage (though we are close). The highest subscription price has been selected because we'll have to pay 1st class/air mail postage rates for at least one issue, as well as at least $275 to obtain the 2nd class permit (about $4 for each subscriber) that will allow us to save postage costs thereafter.

Final financial results from last year - Our 1991 income totalled $14,462.59, with expenses of $14,746.31, for a net loss on the year of about $300. Of that amount $10,725.73 was donations (around $6000 of this was from Lojbab and Nora). In total, only $3700 was contributed toward balances from over 850 people on our mailing list. Only through our end-of-year fund-raiser did we even do this well. We received $2500 during the last 20 days of December, much of it as a result of the fund-raising drive, reducing us from a deficit of over $2000 for the year that might have crippled us.

At the end of 1991, we owed about $5800 in legal fees on the trademark battle, which we're repaying at $500 per month. This is taking every penny that Lojbab, Nora and Jeff Prothero, who are financing the legal fees, can contribute. We must count on the rest of you to keep the organization going financially.

Status this year - So far in 1992, we're losing money. Up to now, against some $2500 in income, we've spent around $2800; JL16 and LK16 will cost another $1200, and we have over $1500 precommitted towards future JL subscriptions. Thus, we expect to need another fund-raising drive within a couple of months. I hope to tie such a fund-raiser to the announcement of the first Lojban book. But please don't wait until then. Contribute now! We don't know yet how we will finance book publication, which will cost several thousand dollars.

Our Numbers - Support for Lojban continues to grow at an outstanding rate; we lose few people (mostly people who move and forget to tell us their new address), while averaging 1 new person every 2-3 days for the last year.

Following are our numbers by level of interest and subscription, as of this publication (numbers in parentheses include multiple persons per address):

Level E - Practitioner (people who have actually produced Lojban text, are actively working with the language, and receiving materials from us) - 13 (17)

Level D - Lojban Student - 95 (113)

Level C - Active Observer - 139 (149)

Level B - Inactive Observer - 627 (663)

JL16 subscribers - 241 (272)

JL17 subscribers - 114 (130)

JL subscription request returned - 66 (72)

Prepaid beyond JL17 - 55 (61)

LK subscribers

Total active mailing list 897 (965)

=== Athelstan Injured ===

Our efforts on Lojban here in the Washington DC area were dealt a severe blow at the end of February. Athelstan, one of la lojbangirz.'s Directors, received a head injury in an auto accident, causing severe brain damage. He was in a coma for over 2 weeks, but has made good progress since. Early in April, he was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital, where he is slowly regaining memory and living skills; he is expected to remain in the hospital until at least mid-July. Regaining his full abilities is uncertain, and doing so will take many more months, if not years.

Athelstan was one of the most skilled of Lojbanists, and a major participant in our weekly conversation sessions here in the DC area. We have had to change from conversation sessions to teaching, reading, and translations sessions; the 3 remaining conversation-skilled people (Nora, Lojbab, and Sylvia Rutiser) are not enough 'critical mass' to keep conversations lively and interesting.

We've also lost Athelstan's contribution to the endless work that is being done around here. Athelstan had written up his oft-taught mini-lesson in text form, and was in the middle of revising it for publication when the accident occurred. I may be able to finish it, but not quickly - too much else to do. Athelstan was also one of the principal reviewers of ju'i lobypli and other la lojbangirz. publications that I and others write; we can only hope that the quality of our products is sustained without his excellent efforts at catching typos and more serious technical errors.

The good news is that it appears that the damage has not destroyed Athelstan's capacity for language, nor his interest in Lojban. In mid-April, he responded to my "coi. .atlstan." with a hearty "coi." in return. At the end of our otherwise English-language visit, I asked him if he remembered how to say goodbye; with only minimal hesitation, he came back with a confident "co'o."

Given my close friendship with Athelstan, I have had to undertake commitments in helping his family and other friends support his recovery; this has taken a fair amount of time away from Lojban, though I now seem to be back in control of my schedule. Indeed, the incentive of knowing how fragile our effort is while so few of us know the details of the language seems to have remotivated me to get the community of Lojbanists who are expert in the language up to a self-sustaining level. Even amidst tragedy, there can be growth and progress.

=== Language Education ===

DC Class - Even before Athelstan's accident, we needed to build up the activity of the local Lojban community. Now, local teaching activities are even more vital. As such, starting in June, we'll be trying to organize a new Lojban class here in the Washington DC area. The class will probably meet in Fairfax VA (although a Rockville MD location is also being considered), on a weekly basis starting near the end of June and last throughout the summer. A principal goal will be to raise the students' skill level so that they can confidently participate in in-language activities in the August LogFest, and be able to continue in Lojban conversation sessions or translation activities after the class ends.

Needless to say, if you will be in the DC area this summer, and are interested in participating in such a class, please contact me at the masthead address or telephone, or via electronic mail per page 2.

Other education efforts - Most of our education efforts in the last several months have been through electronic mail on the computer networks. I've been able to delegate much of this teaching effort out to other Lojbanists who are active on Lojban List, and the numbers and competency of those attempting to write on Lojban List has continued to grow with each passing month.

The network has also served as a testing ground for new teaching materials. Athelstan's draft text version of his mini-lesson (see below) was tried out by about 2 dozen people who returned comments and answers to exercises. These will be lead to a significantly revised and improved version for publication.

Similarly, a draft of the Diagrammed Examples paper enclosed with this issue has been extensively distributed on the networks (as well as to many new mail order Lojbanists) during the last 6 months. French-Australian linguist Jacques Guy finally culminated this review with some enormously detailed comments, leading to the major revision and expansion included with this issue.

Even before this final version, the Diagrammed Examples, with explanatory text, has proved in recent months to be the most significant learning aid to new Lojbanists actually attempting to learn to use the language. Several Lojbanists used only this paper and word lists (that were generally obtained by electronic distribution per the next section), to self-teach themselves to the level of being able to translate Lojban text written by more experienced Lojbanists. Then, with a few such efforts to give them experience, we have seen these Lojbanists start to write in Lojban, making relatively few and minor errors given the lack of a full teaching text. (Those who have study the draft textbook and/or used LogFlash have done still better, but the effectiveness of this relatively brief description has astounded several of us to the point of motivating this new version.)

=== Electronic Distribution ===

What is available and how - The electronic distribution policy announced last issue has been implemented, more-or-less. We have been unable to place JL and LK back-issues and a few other longer materials on the Planned Languages Server - our primary electronic distribution point. We have also been unable to implement the file verification program that we intended because of incompatibilities between computer systems that causes such techniques to fail.

In spite of this, there is now a lot of material available electronically, including most of the now public domain language definition materials like word lists and formal grammars. I've been told that some of this material has been transferred to Compuserve, and I'm hoping that more will be moved to that network, as well as to Genie and other public computer networks. (Let us know if you do so, and what stuff you are posting where, so we can report accurately to the community as to what is available).

Following is a list of all materials (and their filenames) available on the Planned Languages Server as of this publication date, and instructions for obtaining them from the Server.

----

This is an updated version of the file posted to the PLS entitled "readme" which includes an annotated and categorized index to all files on the list.

Following the "readme" file is an abbreviated set of instructions for obtaining files from the server. Send the one line message 'help' to:

langserv@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu

to get the full help listing. While you can put multiple requests in a file, my experience has been that if there is any error on any command, the entire set is disregarded. I would therefore suggest getting 1 file at a time until you are sure what you are doing.

"gismu.lst" is the official, public domain baseline that many Lojbanists already possess in printed form. It has 40-character definitions of the Lojban gismu, and has been relatively unchanged for a few years now. Only minor corrections have been put into the posted file, and the 20 new words adopted last year were never added.

"logdata.raw" is a preliminary version of the new gismu list baseline. I intend the new baseline to take effect shortly after the publication of JL16, hopefully within a month. I would recommend using the current "logdata.raw" file, and ignoring the "gismu.lst" file, UNLESS it is vital to you to be using a public domain version. We won't object to any copying of the still copyrighted draft as long as the copyright notice and the notice that it is a draft stays intact with the file. To all intents and purposes, the old 40-character file is obsolete. I would recommend that any new text be written using the "logdata.raw" place structures. (All text in this issue probably presumes this newer version.)

Questions on any file? Contact Bob LeChevalier at the masthead address or via:

lojbab@grebyn.com

See the file "epolicy.txt" for a more complete explanation of la lojbangirz. electronic distribution policy. We ask that users of these files consider donating money for the support of The Logical Language Group, Inc. We are a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and such donations are tax-deductible in the US, to the extent they exceed the price of things we send you. While it costs us little for you to get a copy of the files on this archive, the network is not free. la lojbangirz. spent some $2000 during 1991 on network access, supporting Lojban List, this archive, and responding to people like you. We do not make a profit on our printed materials, so it is your donations that will allow us to continue to serve the network community of Lojbanists and people curious about Lojban.

The files listed following are the official postings of The Logical Language Group, Inc. on this server. All other postings should be considered unsanctioned, and possibly incorrect.

Language design materials are explicitly listed here and in the documents themselves as being in the public domain. All other documents are copyrighted under the same heading listed above for this document.

Note on file names. All file names ending with ".unf" may contain lines up to about 120 characters long. Original documents published by la lojbangirz. are formatted using longer than 80 character lines, and this wider line-length was determined to give a more readable text when that formatting was removed. File names ending with ".txt" are generally under 80 characters in width. Other file name extensions have no implication.

Many files are compressed using a rather simplistic program that tabifies every 8 characters INCLUDING A SINGLE SPACE IN A 0 MOD 8 POSITION. We have since learned that some tab expanders will take a TAB in a 0 mod 8 position and expand it to 9 spaces instead of 1. This could cause you problems, which hopefully this notice will help you correct if it affects you. We consider this a failed experiment: when we next send data to PLS for uploading we will send files without the tab compression, but this may be a few months.

The PLS has very limited disk space. la lojbangirz. has convinced Mark and Jerry to post much of the material we sent them, but they do not have room for all of it. In particular, back issues of JL and LK, and a LOT of Lojban text could not be posted. I want to see some or all of this material available, if only on a limited time basis. Therefore, in about 3 months, I will be asking Mark and Jerry to tell me the rates of access for Lojban directory files. Seldom accessed files may be deleted to allow us to make room for new stuff, as listed at the end of this document. So please don't delay too long if you want to get a copy of a file listed here.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! File Name

! Bytes

! Date

! Description

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Control documents

|-

| readme

| 7668

| 01-09-92

| A version of this index.

|-

| epolicy.txt

| 2912

| 10-09-91

| The la lojbangirz. Electronic Distribution Policy

|-

| orderfrm.unf

| 9497

| 10-14-91

| Current la lojbangirz. Product List & Order Form; Include Paper Postal Address on any order, please.

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Language Design Materials and Drafts

|-

| grammar.28

| 64552

| 10-11-91

| Baselined Lojban Grammar - YACC version; Public Domain. Without explanatory text included in printed versions.

|-

| bnf.28

| 7872

| 10-11-91

| EBNF form of the Baselined Lojban Grammar. Not verified. Public domain.

|-

| pronounc.unf

| 9718

| 10-14-91

| Pronunciation guide. Public domain.

|-

| gismu.lst

| 88717

| 01-09-92

| Baselined gismu list. Public domain. Expected to be superseded soon by a modified version of "logdata.raw", which will the be renamed "gismu.lst"

|-

| logdata.raw

| 115603

| 01-09-92

| Lojban gismu (root word) draft update >80 characters wide

|-

| roget.lst

| 40612

| 10-14-91

| gismu sorted by Roget category. Draft.

|-

| logdata3.cma

| 88312

| 10-14-91

| Lojban cmavo (structure word) list. Public domain. cmavo order >80 characters wide

|-

| logdata3.lex

| 88312

| 10-14-91

| Lojban cmavo (structure word) list. Public domain. selma'o (grammar category) order >80 characters wide

|-

| lehavla.alg

| 2326

| 10-14-91

| Draft proposal for borrowing words.

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Introductory Materials in Suggested Order

|-

| loglan.txt

| 8598

| 10-14-91

| Introduction and history for those familiar with other Loglan versions

|-

| brochure.eng

| 62820

| 10-14-91

| Basic Lojban Brochure - formatted for electronic distribution

|-

| postbroc.txt

| 28312

| 10-14-91

| An edited version of brochure.eng abbreviated so as to be more suitable for electronic transmission.

|-

| minilsne.txt

| 30917

| 10-16-91

| Draft introductory Draft Lojban mini-lesson. Return answers to la lojbangirz. for correction.

|-

| overview.unf

| 63143

| 10-14-91

| Overview of the language and intro. to specialized terminology

|-

| diagexam.unf

| 10851

| 10-09-91

| Diagrammed Examples of Lojban Text (the original version of the one in JL16 - the new version will replace this file shortly, and is a much longer file)

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Teaching Materials and Detailed Discussion

|-

| useoldl1.txt

| 15233

| 10-14-91

| How to use 1975 Loglan 1 to study Lojban (partially correct for 1989 version)

|-

| newrafsi.unf

| 77773

| 10-14-91

| List of Lojban rafsi (combining forms) and how to make compounds (lujvo).

|-

| negation.unf

| 127903

| 10-14-91

| Negation in Lojban. Many examples.

|-

| scrabble.unf

| 6098

| 10-14-91

| Suggested game rules based on Lojban letter frequencies

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Why Lojban?

|-

| whylojb.txt

| 198651

| 10-14-91

| General discussion on 'Why Lojban?' extracted from ju'i lobypli, Includes JCB on Sapir Whorf. Many contributors.

|-

| mactrans.txt

| 12681

| 10-14-91

| Lojban and machine translation by Patrick Juola

|-

| moody.txt

| 18972

| 10-14-91

| Lojban and other planned languages by Todd Moody

|-

| lojb_esp.txt

| 180734

| 10-14-91

| Lojban and Esperanto - JL discussions including comments from Donald Harlow and Lojban's 'Answer' to the '16 Rules'

|-

| lojling.txt

| 18942

| 10-14-91

| Lojban's relevance to linguistics and linguistics research

|-

| reply.txt

| 38747

| 10-14-91

| 1991 Reply to Arnold Zwicky's 1969 "Language" Review of Loglan 1

|-

| netdisc.txt

| 178912

| 10-14-91

| Extracted Network Discussions of Lojban and Sapir-Whorf - mostly 8-9/90

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Lojban Text

|-

| lordpray.unf

| 7781

| 10-14-91

| Lojban Paternoster, updated to current language. A prosaic version.

|-

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Other materials

|-

| l1longrv.txt

| 70543

| 6-08-91

| unpublished draft review - Loglan 1

|}

---------------------------------- --------------

The following unofficial files are known to be in the lojban directory of the Planned Languages Server:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

| brochure.french

| 49403

| 05-11-90

| A French translation of a somewhat earlier version of the Lojban brochure.

|-

| Description

| 2334

| 01-09-92

| The official PLS description file of all files in the Lojban directory. Not as detailed or as accurate as this file.

|-

| elecread.me

| 815

| 06-24-91

| An obsolete version of this file that should soon be deleted

|-

| Index

| 1280

| 01-03-92

| The file list you get in response to the command "index lojban"

|-

| lojbroch.e-o.tex

| 69755

| 09-12-91

| The draft Esperanto translation of the Lojban brochure in brochure.eng Comments and suggestions welcome.

|-

| metflidjimao-vedsia

| 23871

| 12-19-90

|

|-

| welding-shop

| 27415

| 12-19-90

| Jim Carter's 1984 Loglan short story and English translation - not Lojban compatible nor consistent with the current TLI language, it is still one of the longest Loglan texts written originally in Loglan rather than in translation.

|}

=== Forthcoming Material we hope to post this year ===

* 6 Draft Textbook Lessons - updated to 1992 language

* New Draft Textbook Lesson 1

* Esperanto Translation of Lojban Brochure - Official Release (the unofficial "lojbroch.e-o.tex" above is a draft version of this release)

* Glossary of Lojban/linguistic terminology

* Lojban and Sapir-Whorf Bibliography

* Lojban and Prolog demonstration example from JL16

* Lojban gismu etymologies

* Rebaselined gismu list

* Revisions to the Lojban mini-lesson

* the JL16 version of the Diagrammed Summary of Lojban

* Synopsis of Lojban Orthography, Phonology, Morphology - updated to 1992

* tense paper - introduction to Lojban tense structures

* attitudinal paper - updated to 1992

* logical connectives paper - introduction to logical and nonlogical connectives

* MEX paper - Lojban expression of mathematical text

* lerfu paper - expressing alphabets and special symbols in Lojban

* (papers are planned to cover other aspects of the Lojban grammar and will also be posted as available)

* All published Lojban text; Not updated to current language. Mostly translated & with commentary. Probably with some kind of difficulty and quality grading to help you choose appropriate materials.

=== Abbreviated instructions for the PLS server ===

To make the archive server do something you should send an electronic mail message to:

langserv@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu

Use a null subject line. The body of the message should consist of one command per line. The case of the text does not matter. Note, however, that the server runs on a UNIX system, and thus, for filenames, the case DOES matter, so be sure the files you request are properly capitalized.

You can find out what files are available with the command "index lojban".

path <mail-path>

"Path" is used to override the mail path that the archive server chooses from the header of your mail message. You should use this whenever you know that the return address of your message will not be useful to the archive server. The archive server only knows about domain style address.

e.g. path jbaltz@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu

send <archive> <file..>

"Send" mails to you the files in the specified archive. All of the files that you request will be sent to you archived together possibly encoded and split up into messages that are small enough to be mailed. You may have as many "sends" in the body of your mail message as you wish.

e.g. send lojban logdata.raw

By default, files that are mailable are simply stuck together with the text "cut here" between files and; non-mailable files are archived via Unix "tar". Non-mailable files must be converted to something mailable. By default this is done with "uuencode". Some large or long-lined Lojban files may be considered non-mailable, and you will need to run the companion program "uudecode" which will decode a message that was encrypted using "uuencode". This is a standard Unix command; Unix users should see your system administrator if you don't know how to do this. On MS-DOS machines, there are a variety of utility versions of the decoding tool; we have no information about other computer system versions.

=== Logfest 92 ===

Because of Athelstan's injury and other schedule problems, we have delayed LogFest 92, la lojbangirz.'s annual meeting and gathering of Lojbanists until August. The planned date for this gathering here in Fairfax VA, is August 14-17, 1992. If you're interested in coming, and especially if you will be travelling from out-of-town, please let us know. As usual, we can accommodate several out-of-town visitors as sleeping-bag guests here at Bob and Nora's house. You can get here via subway from all major transportation services into Washington DC, and you're unlikely to need a rental car. Thus, it's a cheap weekend of Lojban fun - we ask only that attendees donate around $25-$40 or whatever to cover food costs for the weekend.

Originally, LogFest was planned for the last weekend in June (June 26-28, 1992). Because some people already made plans to come in from out-of-town, we will dedicate that weekend to Lojban activities as well, and others are invited to come, too, making in effect a second LogFest this summer. This first gathering in June will be informal; since there will be no formal meeting, there should be plenty of time for a variety of Lojban activities, especially activities for new people who want to get started in learning the language. Let us know if you are planning to come, so we can make plans.

=== Language Development Status ===

The language has been quite stable in the last several months. With the breakup of the USSR, we have added cultural gismu for "Ukrainian" and "Slavic". There have been a few cmavo additions, and one or two deletions in connection with work by John Cowan on papers describing the Lojban tense system, mathematical language, and representation of foreign alphabets.

Far more significant has been those papers themselves, which have greatly refined the specificity of the language definition in three areas that have not been much used by people trying to use Lojban. John is continuing to work on papers, which, added to (updated versions of) the negation and attitudinal papers that were done before he started, will eventually amount to a complete and detailed description of the language.

People have been justifiably frustrated by the continuing delay in textbook and dictionary publication. However, this state should not stop most people from being able to learn and use Lojban. Indeed, with the possible exception of Esperanto (and only then because so much has been written about it in 100 years), it can safely be said that Lojban is by far the most thoroughly defined artificial language that has ever existed. And we continue to refine that definition - not so much because people need such details to learn the language, but because linguists and computer researchers seeking to use Lojban for applications need as much detail as possible to plan research activities.

The final development activities of significance are those that are tied to preparation of the first Lojban book, which is a proto-dictionary and reference book. Preparing this book has required a complete and detailed review of the gismu list place structures, trying to make them as clear and detailed as possible, given limited space. There also were some place structure changes needed as a result of the 'sumti-raising' change discussed last issue, and also as a result of other design decisions made over the last few years. We also wanted to add in multiple English synonyms where applicable, so that the English side of the resulting dictionary will no longer be limited to the sometimes-inaccurate unique English keywords that the gismu list currently is based on. In a few cases, actual usage has pointed up a need for change, either because the place structure was too vaguely defined for use, or because the sumti values that were required for some place structure places were too difficult to specify for 'real' language use. As a result, there are a lot of little changes to the working draft versions of the gismu list. The final draft is expected to go out for review within a couple of weeks after this issue is mailed (over 1100 of the 1400 Lojban entries were completed and verified at this writing). After a few weeks for that review, the first book will be assembled and published.

=== Weekend Meeting ===

We finally knew for sure that the design of the language was solidified after an all-weekend meeting that took place January 18-20, 1992. John Cowan came to town, and several of us met, settling nearly all open design questions. Following is a more thorough report on that meeting, what happened, and what design decisions took place. Attendees included Bob LeChevalier (lojbab), John Cowan, Nora LeChevalier, Athelstan, and Sylvia Rutiser, with pc joining in by phone a couple of times.

The original agenda included:

* A 2nd review of papers on the Lojban tense system and MEX (mathematical expressions) system, with the intent of having them ready, if possible, for publication with JL16.

* Nora and John have been working on a formal statement of the Lojban morphology algorithm, and some issues needed resolution and decision.

* Deciding on all open cmavo questions, to allow a baseline of that list.

* Reviewing all open comments on the place structures and definitions of gismu

* Review of the progress in switching JL over to a subscription basis and the current fundraising drive

* Preliminary decisions on book publishing

* Determining a policy on efforts by Dave Cortesi, Bob Chassell, and others to put together Lojban reference books.

* Including John in a Lojban conversation session (he has never before been able to participate in one, since no one else in the NYC area seems to be actively studying).

John arrived late Friday night, and we started the weekend right by talking till 4 AM. Athelstan arrived about 2 AM to join the party. Most of Saturday was spent socializing and discussing business matters, and various minor issues, and reviewing the tense paper. Saturday night, we again quit late, around 5 AM this time, with everyone rising in time to be fully awake for the Lojban conversation session. That ended up starting late, but the 5 of us participated in fairly lively discussion for about 2 hours. John had no real trouble following what was said, and throwing his own comments in. We then talked in English for about an hour until Sylvia and Athelstan had to leave.

After dinner, we started on place structures, and kept going until 5 AM again. We resumed around 11 AM, and kept cranking till 5 AM Tues. morning. Athelstan was there for all of Monday's discussions, Nora lasted until 10:30 PM, since she had to work on Tuesday. There was a long conversation with pc in the afternoon to resolve issues that he needed a voice/vote in. Monday evening, we took a break from the x1's and x2's of place structures to work on the x's and y's of MEX.

On Tuesday, John and I woke around 11 AM, and kept talking till I dropped him at the bus station around 1 PM. Whew! Everything accomplished.

Now here is the summary of effects:

==== Grammar ====

The grammar is of course baselined and frozen until we make updates and republish it in the Lojban books. Because we want the books to reflect the grammar after the books are done, we do our writing based on that next revision of the grammar. There are now 15 minor changes planned for that revision, all but 4 being extensions to the language. When we write and publish materials in JL, they should be in accordance with the current baseline. Next- baseline grammar changes will only be used in the unlikely circumstance that something needs to be phrased using a construct that is now illegal, but which would be allowed under the new grammar. Because we want people to stick with the current baseline, we are not going to distribute or talk much more about the next one until it is ready for adoption (at the time of publication of the first book), but people who have an early need for the information can request it. I will summarize the changes in store so people know what is going on:

# correction of a precedence error, so that EK+KE and GIhEK+KE bind more tightly than other connective structures;

# adding JEK+BO to parallel BO connective structures for other logical connectives;

# permitting free modifiers in several new places;

# adding selma'o ZEI to support a morphology algorithm change (see below);

# permitting "GEK sentence GI observative";

# in the current baseline grammar, it is impossible to use a PA+MAI free-modifier after a number even though it is apparently grammatically legal: the number will absorb the added PA values because there is no implicit "BOI" at the end of these numbers. The problem was fixed by reworking the rules specifying how free modifiers attach to numbers so that BOI can be added to separate them.

# after long analysis, the relative-modifier logical connective selma'o ZIhE was determined not to be especially useful as a logical connective, and the group has been stripped down to the single word "zi'e", which now simply indicates the attachment of multiple relative modifiers to a single sumti. The multiple logical connective grammar rules that were present for ZIhE were stripped down to a single rule supporting simple connection;

# allowing I+BO-initial sentences at the beginning of text;

# allowing NAI at the beginning of text;

# allowing any kind of JOI non-logical connectives to be used in forethought, in parallel with forethought causal connectives: JOI GI construct GI construct;

# POhO, which has been required at the end of incomplete sentences, will be eliminated; POhO was added at one point due to problems found in some versions of YACC (including the one we were using) that caused a parser to falsely declare an ambiguity in such incomplete sentences. POhO has been shown to no longer be necessary;

# NIhE, one of the converters used to integrate MEX with the rest of the grammar, now permits an entire complex selbri construct to be converted;

# NAhE is disallowed in forethought 'termsets'. The rule permitting it had been erroneously generated from a similar structure. Contrary negation of a termset is not defined in the negation paper.

# Multiple I and/or I+BO are permitted at the beginning of text (a benefit primarily for those who stutter);

# Allow SE conversions of abstract and negated selbri without KE/KEhE parentheses.

If that list doesn't make a lot of sense, don't worry about it. These truly are abstruse 'little' changes in the grammar that are unlikely to affect anyone's conversation and writing very much, if at all.

==== Morphology ====

John and Nora have resolved all open issues regarding the morphology algorithm, and it is included in JL16 for final review before publication in the reference book. Problems included strings of vowels and lujvo involving le'avla. Since the morphology is baselined, technically any change is a baseline change, but all changes being considered are in areas not well-defined in the existing informal 'Synopsis' that describes the morphology. Highlights (again, these are post-book baseline features.):

* Adding selma'o ZEI, with only cmavo "zei", will eliminate various other schemes of making lujvo using le'avla, all of which involved either tricky stress/- pronunciation problems or had potential breakdowns of a nature similar to the 'Tosmabru test' used in regular lujvo. The result would have been rules so unintuitively complicated as to make them impractical to use on-the-fly, when most such compounds will be made. ZEI is processed in advance of lexer rules (as is BU for lerfu and ZO, LOhU, ZOI, SI, SA, and SU) as part of the metalinguistic grammar. It causes one word immediately before it and one word immediately after it to be considered joined into a single construct equivalent to a BRIVLA. With the exception of some of those metalinguistic cmavo just listed, any Lojban word can be so joined to any other, allowing lujvo to be based on cmavo that have no rafsi, as well as le'avla. Many-part le'avla lujvo will have a ZEI between each pair of terms. Regular gismu and lujvo may also be used as terms in a ZEI lujvo.

* cmavo space is now recognized to include certain structures with 0 or 1 consonant, followed by more than two vowels, with apostrophe used between every pair (except when diphthongs occur). Thus "zo'o'o'o" could be a legal cmavo (with an obvious meaning of a more intense humor?) These will not be considered for defined use, but are added to the experimental cmavo space. The grammar will treat all experimental and undefined cmavo as if they were members of UI.

* When one word ends in a vowel, and the following begins with one, a pause, and not a glide, must be used to pronounce them. This confirms the original design decision. Actual usage has been that some UI members have not been separated from each other and other vowels by pauses, and this was determined to be too difficult for the resolver to handle, so it remains forbidden. An example is ".ua.ui" which has been pronounced "/wah,wee/", but must be pronounced as "/wah.wee/". An example showing the problems that can result is ".ui.iu", which if pronounced without a pause is indistinguishable from ".ui,u".

* Names will be permitted to have "la", "lai", and "doi" in them WHEN PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT. This means that the 'd' or 'l' must be the at-least-2nd in a consonant cluster such that the preceding letter and the d/l form a permissible cluster, or are initial at the beginning of a word. This means that a name "zdoil." or "jdoil." is legal, and every consonant except another "l" is permitted before "la" and "lai". Thus while "*nort.kerolainas." remains illegal, it can easily be changed to "nort.kerlainas.". This will then allow a certain erroneous comic strip to be corrected, by naming the cat "mlat.", "*lat." remaining illegal. It also corrects the embarrassment that the other English name of the language - "loglan." - has been an illegal name in "lojban."

* Names are formally restricted from having impermissible medial consonant clusters in them. The most significant effect of this is to require the name "*djeimz." to be changed, since "mz" is not a permissible medial. "djeimyz." is acceptable.

==== cmavo ====

The following cmavo changes are made. Note that one the cmavo, "zei", has grammar contingent upon the next baseline. It will be in the next draft of the cmavo list anyway, even though the current grammar will not handle it.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

| zei

| ZEI

| lujvo glue

| joins preceding and following word into a lujvo

|-

| ne'o

| VUhU

| factorial

| reassigned from "zei" to make room for above

|-

| bu'u

| FAhA

| coincident with

| space/time tense equivalent of CA

|-

| be'a

| FAHA

| north of

| from "berti"

|-

| ne'u

| FAhA

| south of

| from "snanu"

|-

| du'a

| FAhA

| east of

| from "stuna"

|-

| vu'a

| FAhA

| west of

| parallel with "du'a"

|}

(these are added for compatibility with languages/cultures that use a fixed reference frame for directions instead of a speaker-based one. A secondary if trivial advantage is that a Lojban wind-vane is more interesting, instead of having the letters B-S-S-S for the four cardinal points.)

{|

|-

| voi

| NOI

| descriptive

| clause non-veridical restrictive clause used to form complicated le- like descriptions using "ke'a"

|}

This is in a way similar to "goi"/GOI, but used with clauses (bridi) on the right. It defines a sumti on the left as being the thing the speaker has in mind which fills "ke'a" in the clause. Nick Nicholas asked for this in connection with an alternate approach to sumti-raising that he prefers to "tu'a". Example:

{|

|-

| ko'a

| voi

| lenu ke'a cisma

| cu

| pluka

| mi

| cu

| zutse

|-

| The it1

| whose

| smiling

|

| pleases

| me

|

| sits.

|-

| colspan="8" | The one whose smile pleases me is sitting down.

|}

{| class="wikitable

|-

| to'a

| BY

| lower case shift

| reassigne d from current "voi"; from "tordu"

|-

| ma'e

| BAI

| of material

| used to add a material to a bridi more specific than the existing "seta'i"; from "marji"

|-

| de'a

| ZAhO

| pausitive event contour

| for a temporary halt and ensuing pause in a process; from "denpa"

|-

| di'a

| ZAhO

| resumptive even t contour

| for resumption of a paused process

|}

Example:

{|

|-

| mi

| de'a

| citka

| ca

| lenu la

| noras.

| tavla

|-

| I

| pausitively

| eat

| while

|

| Nora

| talks.

|-

| colspan="7" | I stop eating while Nora talks.

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|-

| vu'i

| LUhI

| the sequence

| converts other sumti types to sequences, even if the order is vague

|-

| va'u

| BAI

| benefited by

| indication of a beneficiary when formulated as "seva'u" = "for the benefit of"; from "xamgu" (replaces a useful function of the word "du'a", deleted last year as an English-biased member of BAI)

|-

| bi'u

| BAhE

| de-emphasize next

| the reverse of "ba'e" which emphasizes the next word - added in emulation of a similar function word in the Mongolian language Dagur

|-

| ce'a

| LAU

| font shift

| change of selma'o; indicates that the following character specifies a new font (e.g. italic, block print, or manuscript). Supersedes old "ce'a" and "pe'e" which were too limited; the latter is now unassigned.

|}

(In addition, the grammar changes described above also freed up po'o, zi'a, zi'i, zi'o, and zi'u.)

remaining unassigned (27):

bi'a bi'e bu'o (bo'a bo'e bo'i bo'o bo'u) ce'e ce'u ci'a do'i ja'u ju'e mi'i na'a ne'e pe'e po'o re'u te'i va'e vu'o zi'a zi'i zi'o zi'u

==== gismu ====

The following two gismu are proposed for addition to the baselined list, and will be adopted pending no objection:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

| vukro

| vuk vu'o

| Ukrainian

| x1 pertains to the Ukrainian language/- culture/nation in aspect x2

|-

| slovo

| lov

| Slavic

| x1 pertains to Slavic languages/culture/- ethnos in aspect x2

|-

| (lovle'u

|

| Cyrillic

| x1 is a letter of Cyrillic alphabet symbolizing x2)

|}

These have been reviewed by Ivan Derzhanski, as our only active native-Slavic Lojbanist. The breakup of the Soviet Union, has made Ukraine a large country with a Russian speaker base, one with a Slavic language of its own and a nationalistic interest in being clearly distinct from Russia and the ex-Soviet Union. (The definition of "softo" is being broadened to cover the old Russian empire and the new Commonwealth, but remains tied to the keyword 'Soviet' because there really is no other distinct word.) Our standards for cultural gismu clearly put Ukraine in the group that should have a gismu. (The other republics, except Russia itself, will be covered with le'avla.)

With two Slavic peoples represented, the family name also requires a gismu (as "semto" exists to cover Hebrew and Arabic commonalties). As shown, this gismu will also be used to generate a lujvo for "Cyrillic", a better choice than "rusko" or "softo" for making a lujvo for that concept, anyway.

==== Keyword changes ====

The following constitute baseline changes, even though there is no significant change of meaning. They will be considered adopted unless there is objection.

All metric prefixes currently have keywords of the form:

megdo 10E6

It has been pointed out that this does not conform to most exponential notations. The keywords will be globally changed to use "1" instead of "10" giving:

megdo 1E6

The following are being changed to make them consistent with other culture words by referring to the culture rather than to the defining element of the culture.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

| budjo

| Buddhist

| x1 pertains to the Buddhist culture/- religion/nation in aspect x2

|-

| dadjo

| Taoist

| x1 pertains to the Taoist culture/religion/nation in aspect x2

|-

| jegvo

| Jehovist

| x1 pertains to culture/religion of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic deity in aspect x2

|-

| xriso

| Christian

| x1 pertains to the Christian culture/- religion/nation in aspect x2

|}

The change in keyword of "mukti" to "motive", part of the last baseline change, did not get into the Planned Languages Server file for some reason, along with appropriate definition wording changes. Some copies of LogFlash were distributed with this change omitted.

==== rafsi ====

"du" will be added to the list as a result of being assigned the rafsi "dub" and "du'o". "selci" is being given "sle" from "selfu", which in turn will be given "sef" from "sefta". (Since the January meeting, we have compiled a list of all lujvo used thus far in Lojban text. This will be used to generate a more accurate tuning of the rafsi assignments to reflect expected usage. A few additional rafsi changes are likely to result, and will appear in the completed book.

==== Place structures ====

We cannot list all of the place structure changes and definition changes being made for the new baselined list. Based on decisions at the weekend meeting, about 20% of the words will have some change from the draft "logdata.raw" list posted to the PLS and distributed to advance recipients of the new LogFlash (We were BUSY!). Most of these are minor and clarifying. (The complete review that Bob is doing while typing in these changes has resulted in many more minor changes, mostly clarifications in wording).

Some general notes:

* Bob Chassell proposed a large set of synonyms be listed; these are being added to the definition field to make computer searches of the list easier. These synonyms will also show up in the dictionary as additional English entries.

* A clarification of sets and masses and sequences and their roles as place holders in bridi caused many changes in wording. All places where these have been identified as likely placeholders have been examined and will be identified if space permits.

* Several 'properties' gismu which are generally considered subjective, have gained a 'by standard' place. The standard may only the personal one of the observer, whatever that may be. Colors are NOT included in this change.

* More care is being taken with 'under conditions' places. In many cases, an 'under conditions' place may be appropriate to some event/state within a single place of a bridi, rather than applying to the main bridi itself.

* The use of "du'u" abstractions is clearly distinguished in place structures dealing with truths. Some places dealing with knowledge and truth have been cleft paralleling the "djuno" place structure change in JL15.

* All known cleft place structures have been reviewed, with more than half eliminated by putting an event clause in x1. A few, such as "simlu", are remaining cleft, but are worded so as to suggest "ka" property abstractions instead of events in the cleft abstraction place.

The following are particularly significant changes in meaning. Since there is no keyword change, these are not considered relevant to the baseline; place structures have never been frozen. The wording is abbreviated and approximate, and there may be further changes before the list is finally frozen. For now, however, this will clarify the meanings of many words, and should give a good idea as to the nature of the most major changes being made.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

| balvi

| x1 is in the future of/- later than/after x2 in time (ONLY; cf. lidne)

|-

| bilni

| x1 is military/- regimented/strongly organized/prepared by system x2 for purpose x3

|-

| caxno

| (paralleling condi below)

|-

| cfari

| x1 (nu) commences/- begins/initiates/starts (intransitive) [no change, but cf. sisti)

|-

| cimde

| x1 is a dimension of space/object x2 according to rules/model x3

|-

| clupa

| x1 is a loop/circuit in/of material x2 defined by (set of points) x3

|-

| cmavo

| x1 is a structure word having grammar exemplified by word x2 with meaning function x3 in language x4

|-

| condi

| x1 is deep in extent in x2 (ka) at locus x3 away from observation point x4 by standard x5

|-

| cpare

| x1 climbs/clambers/- crawls/creeps on surface x2 in direction x3 using x4 (tools, limbs)

|-

| danfu

| x1 is the answer/- response to question x2

|-

| dargu

| x1 is a road with route x2

|-

| fancu

| x1 is a function/single- value mapping from domain x2 to range x3 defined by rules x4

|-

| fasnu

| x1 is an event that happens/occurs

|-

| flalu

| x1 is a law specifying x2 (nu) for community x3 (mass) under conditions x4 by law-giver x5

|-

| funca

| x1 (nu) is determined by the luck/fortune of/for x2

|-

| gasnu

| x1 is agent in event x2; x1 'does' x2

|-

| gradu

| x1 (magnitude) is a unit/degree of/on scale/- reference standard x2 (idea/- si'o) measuring x3 (ka)

|-

| gunma

| x1 is a mass/team/is together, of components x2 considered jointly

|-

| jbini

| x1 is between/among set of boundaries x2 in x3 (ka)

|-

| jdika

| x1 is decreased/reduced in x2 (ka) by amount x3 (no change but cf. zenba)

|-

| kancu

| x1 counts the number in set x2 to be x3 (ni/number) in units x4

|-

| karli

| x1 is a collar surrounding x2 of material x3

|-

| krefu

| x1 is a recurrence/- repetition of x2 (nu) for the x3th (ni/number) time; x1 happens again

|-

| kusru

| x1 (person) is cruel/- mean to x2

|-

| lacpu

| x1 pulls/tugs/drags x2 by handle at locus x3

|-

| lafti

| x1 lifts/applies lift to x2 at locus x3

|-

| lidne

| x1 leads/precedes x2 in sequence x3

|-

| naxle

| (paralleling dargu above)

|-

| pajni

| x1 judges/is a judge determining/deciding matter x2 (ka/ni/jei abstraction) (estimate/evaluate)

|-

| panra

| x1 is parallel to x2 in property/pattern x3 by standard/geometry x4

|-

| pikta

| x1 is a ticket entitling x2 to privilege/entitlement x3 (nu) under conditions x4

|-

| platu

| x1 plans/designs/plots plan/plot/arrangement x2 for state/process x3

|-

| porsi

| x1 (sequence) is sequenced/ordered by comparison/rules x2 on set (unordered) x3

|-

| prami

| (paralleling xebni below)

|-

| prina

| x1 (agent) prints x2 on x3 using tool x4

|-

| purci

| (paralleling balvi above)

|-

| ritli

| x1 is a rite/ceremony/- ritual/is formal(legal) for purpose x2 under custom x3, under rules/form x4

|-

| selci

| x1 is a cell/atom/- molecule/unit of x2; x1 is an indivisible basic subunit of x2 (cf. English 'atom')

|-

| simlu

| x1 appears to have property x2 to x3 under conditions x4

|-

| sirji

| x1 is straight/direct/- line segment/interval between x2 and x3

|-

| sisti

| x1 (agent) ceases/- stops/halts doing/being x2 (cf. cfari WHICH IS DIFFERENT)

|-

| skiji

| x1 is a ski/skid/skate/- runner for surface x2 (for) supporting skier/skater/sled/- cargo x3

|-

| suksa

| x1 (nu) is sudden/abrupt at stage/achievement x2 in process x3; x1 (ka) suddenly changes at point x2 over interval x3

|-

| talsa

| x1 (person) challenges x2 in x3 (ka)

|-

| trene

| x1 is a train (segmented-vehicle) of cars/- units (mass/sequence) in system/railroad/of owners x3

|-

| trina

| x1 attracts/lures x2 (person/action) with x3 (ka)

|-

| venfu

| x1 (person(s)) takes revenge on/retaliates against x2 (person(s)) for wrong x3 (nu) with vengeance x4 (nu)

|-

| vorme

| x1 is a door/gate between x2 and x3 of/in/- through structure x4

|-

| xamsi

| x1 is an ocean/sea/- gulf/atmosphere of planet x2 of fluid x3

|-

| xanri

| x1 (si'o) exists in the imagination of/is imagined by/is imaginary/unreal to x2

|-

| xebni

| x1 hates x2 (object/- abstract)

|-

| xendo

| (paralleling kusru above)

|-

| xlura

| x1 (agent) influences x2 into action/event/state x3 by influence/threat/lure x4 (cf. trina)

|-

| xrani

| x1 (nu) injures/harms/- damages victim x2 in property x3 resulting in injury x4 (za'i/ka)

|-

| zarci

| x1 is a market/store/- exchange/marketplace selling x2 operated by x3/with participants x3 (mass agent)

|-

| zenba

| x1 is increased/- augmented in x2 (ka/ni) by amount x3 (parallels with jdika)

|-

| zukte

| x1 is an 'entity' employing means x2 for/towards end/purpose/goal x3

|}

John Cowan writes the following as further explanation of the set/mass/sequence/individuals changes:

One of the aims of the place structure review was to examine all the place structures that were labeled "(plural/set)" to see whether an actual set was wanted, or merely one or more individuals. In addition, sometimes a mass seemed to be the right thing. The new place structures which Lojbab is typing up will contain a good deal of clarification.

Essentially, a true set is required if the relationship does not hold of each member but only of the totality. For example, "kampu", "cnano", and "fadni" are all relationships between a set and one of its members (or a property thereof). If I am typical of ("cnano") the set of persons, that doesn't mean that the relation "typical-of" holds between me and every individual person -- indeed, the idea of one person being typical of another makes no sense.

On the other hand, we decided that "casnu" should have a mass, rather than either a set or plural individuals, in its x1 place. People may "casnu", or participate in a discussion, even though not all of them say anything.

In many cases, "(plural/set)" came up where "between" or "among" was involved. Most of these we tried to reword to avoid the problem, which often resulted from excess generality. Thus a wall now separates exactly two things, and a door connects exactly two. (A wall may separate multiple pairs of things - my house from yours, my property from yours, Country 1 from Country 2 - all at once, but the relationship is still pairwise.)

In addition, the phrase "ordered set" was changed throughout to "sequence", and the place structure of "porsi" is now something like "x1 is a sequence of the members of set x2 ordered by rules x3". Sequences do not have the same level of support in Lojban as individuals, masses, and sets; however, we have long had the non-logical connective "ce'o" which constructs them item by item. In addition, we added "vu'i", a converter of selma'o LUhI, transforming a set into a sequence, as well as individuals into a sequence-in-extension.

It now seems that "fa'u", the non-logical connective for "respectively", may be taken to generate a sequence-in-extension, thus:

{|

|-

| mi

| fa'u

| do

| se

| cmene

| zo

| djan.

| fa'u

| zo

| lojbab.

|-

| (I

| respectively-with

| you)

| are-

| benamed

|

| ("John"

| respectively-with

|

| "Lojbab").

|}

Using ".e" logical connection will not do, as that would claim that each of us is named both "John" and "Lojbab".

=== Status of Products ===

We have a lot of products in the works, and a few of them are done or nearly done. More significantly perhaps, several new products have been identified, and are in progress and in some cases near completion. The variety of Lojban products continues to multiply as new people get involved in its development.

One is of course the Diagrammed Summary of Lojban Grammar, included as an insert in this issue. This will form the major language explanatory text about the language for our introductory package. The Overview will be recast to talk mostly about the ideas of the language and not the grammar, and a glossary will be added. Eventually, this package will be assembled into one of our several book publications. Now for the other products:

Mini-Lesson - Athelstan set the material of his "Lojban Mini-Lesson", an hour-long presentation, down in text last summer and fall before his accident. We distributed draft copies electronically (the draft is available on the PLS - see above), and some two dozen people from 6 different countries have tried it and sent comments. Alas the revision effort was only partially done when the accident occurred, so the mini-lesson, planned for this issue and at one time an excuse for its delay, isn't yet ready.

People have in general found the mini-lesson to be a very good introduction to the language, as they found Athelstan's oral presentation similarly useful. Alas, on paper it takes a good deal more than an hour to work through. People have generally said that there are too many exercises and too few examples. A few of the examples and explanations are perhaps too oriented to English-native speakers, but we haven't figured a good way to correct that.

Given the accident, it is likely that I (Bob) will have to finish the revision, and it will thus not be ready until JL17 or even JL18. The revised mini-lesson will also form part of the introductory package.

LogFlash - We have released the new version of LogFlash described in the last several issues. Both LogFlash 1 (gismu) and LogFlash 3 (cmavo) are being successfully used by several people.

For those who want to learn rafsi, the older combined LogFlash 1/2 will continue to be available (LogFlash 2 teaches rafsi) until a new version is created - a new version of LogFlash 2 will be more difficult to develop than the other programs because the type of testing used in lessons is more diverse. The lujvo-making program will also be incorporated into the next revision of LogFlash 2. The priority of this revision depends primarily on people being interested in obtaining it - if you are ready to start using this program, or expect that you will be within 6 months, let us know and Nora will put more effort into this upgrade. The files for the old version are not being updated, hence several newly-added rafsi assignments and the couple of changes that have been made are not reflected in this old version. This has not proven to be a significant limitation.

There are two 'problems' with the current release, neither of which prevents effective use. The first is that we've had no time to rewrite the user documentation. There are now an enormously increased number of user-selectable features in LogFlash, and documentation is needed to intelligently choose among them. You can experiment or ask - most of these functions are self-explanatory as to how they work, and playing around is not damaging to your learning effectiveness (though it can be time consuming given the number of options). However, explaining when and why each option is intended to be used takes a bit of work. Luckily, Nora has made the program effectively self-channelled - the default option at each menu choice progresses you through fairly optimal usage. I'd like to promise the documentation soon, but I'll have to admit that it keeps getting shoved off for other priorities. When more people start buying the program, we will of course put high priority on completing the support documentation, and it will be available free-of-charge to those of you who have done without until then.

The other 'problem' is that because of the above-mentioned revision of the gismu list, especially affecting place structures, the version of the list we are giving out at any particular time is subject to changes. These changes don't generally affect the learning process since place structures are provided for information purposes only, but since the lists being distributed are unofficial, people receiving them need to be fore-warned. Again, we will make updated files available to those who purchase copies now, probably at the time the first book is released.

The instability of the word files affects LogFlash 3 a bit more significantly because we are more freely changing words and keywords, as well as making a small number of additions and deletions to the cmavo list. The changes being made are typically minor, however, enough that we can finally feel comfortable in recommending that people use LogFlash 3 without too much fear of having to do a lot of relearning due to changes.

MacLojFlash - Both versions of LogFlash for the Apple MacIntosh are being updated for the new data files. Each version already had some of the features now incorporated into the original MS-DOS version, and will probably add new ones to keep the different versions roughly comparable in capabilities. The Hypercard Mac version by Dave Cortesi is being upgraded to Hypercard II; Richard Kennaway's original MAC version doesn't use Hypercard, is somewhat faster, but does not have voice synthesis of the words, and supports both the gismu and cmavo lists in one program. Richard's program is basically ready, awaiting only reasonably final word files. (Our difficulties in supporting the Mac continue, and we aren't going to release incremental in-progress Mac versions of the word-lists as we are doing with the original program.) The Mac programs are liable to be cheaper than the MS-DOS versions, partly because of the lower quality of support that we have been able to provide.

Serious Volunteers Sought for LogFlash Research - The new version of LogFlash (MS-DOS version only) is instrumented for research into how well people learn Lojban words. This finally allows testing of the 'word recognition scores' that were the basis of Loglan/Lojban word-making ever since the project started in the 1950s, as well as formally verifying the effectiveness of the LogFlash technique.

We are looking for volunteers to use LogFlash in learning the Lojban vocabulary. At this point we have no constraint on who can volunteer, as long as you can state more or less honestly that you don't yet know much of the Lojban gismu vocabulary. Later on, we will have to add restrictions to ensure that our statistics are valid, but for now we are looking for patterns in the learning of individuals.

We have no funding for this experiment - we can't pay anyone to participate. You will even have to buy the copy of LogFlash that you use to learn the words, because we need the money to stay in business right now. What we can promise is that someone who volunteers AND STICKS WITH THE EXPERIMENT ENOUGH TO GIVE US USEFUL RESULTS will be credited afterwards for the price of LogFlash and any other Lojban teaching materials you buy to study while participating in the experiment. We'll also give priority (subject to our limited funds) for volunteers who need financial assistance to obtain Lojban materials.

This isn't a lot to offer for a commitment of 3-7 hours a week for 4-8 months (probably 100-150 hours total, about the same as the homework time for a typical college class), but the work isn't hard, and you will be doing it anyway if you are planning on learning the language. We need is people who will use LogFlash more or less daily for at least 1/2 hour a day (preferably an hour - learning may go 3 times as fast or better, at this more intense study rate; you learn quicker, and the experiment is shorter and more likely to show expected results.)

Other teaching products - We have contacted two firms that commercially produce language learning materials and gotten interest in assisting the Lojban project from each of them. One produces software that teaches you words and structures as you read a story or stories in Lojban (not a simplified text - you would learn to read most any Lojban text you come across). The other, International Learning Corporation, produces a series of materials called "The Learnables (tm)", which are books of cartoons and pictures associated with extensive tapes. These materials are used effectively in college classes.

Both products have been recommended to us by more than one Lojbanist. Both organizations have indicated that they would be willing to license us to develop Lojban versions of their products at no cost to us other than the effort of developing the materials. The resulting materials should be extremely effective in teaching Lojban and offer the confidence of having been used effectively with other languages. The down-side of these materials is that they will probably be more expensive than our self-developed materials (for existing languages, the software package costs around $100 plus a small amount per story, while The Learnables costs around $45 for a book and 6 tapes, with 4 beginning and 4 advanced books covering the typical language - we can't promise to be able to sell Lojban materials for any less than the prices these organizations charge for other languages).

These are significant opportunities to get awareness of Lojban out to a much larger audience, but we cannot justify the time to produce the materials unless there is some significant interest in the community in buying and using the resulting products. So we need to hear from you if you think you would buy the materials.

Interlinear Glosser (and Parser) - This new project of Nora's stems from four unrelated problems. Because of the massive volume of Lojban text now being produced, Nora and I can no longer read and check it all - our own command of the language is not thorough enough for us to quickly check words and place structures, much less to comment the results thoroughly.

People writing Lojban text tend to make word choice errors (e.g. lujvo-making errors, misspellings), and find it hard to catch these errors before 'inflicting' them on others. A simple computerized spelling checker cannot fully solve this (even if you can build a dictionary file easily) because nearly all possible cmavo and lujvo word-forms are plausibly valid words.

In addition, people using the Lojban parser to check their work have found the outputs to be hard to use in an odd way. When there is an error, the parser tells you (approximately) where the error occurred, and you know where to look. If it finds no errors, the rather lengthy fully-parenthesized output contains complete grammatical structure information. Unfortunately, a lot of simple errors, including misspellings (noted above) and omitted terminators can lead to grammatically perfect text that means something quite different from what you intended. Reading the parser output to find such errors requires great care, as well as a certain sense of what types of errors to look for. It isn't being done too well, and people have found errors in text that seemed perfectly valid, even to the parser, when read carefully. (Though this might seem to be a threat to Lojban's viability as a understandable and logical language, the types of errors that are occurring seem to be of the types that fluent speakers wouldn't often make.)

Finally, one of the easiest first steps towards the computer applications for which Lojban is especially suitable is a Lojban-to-English translator. Nora has long been interested in producing a simple form of such a translator, both for study of the problems of machine translation, and as an effective teaching tool. She first did a rudimentary translator, handling a subset of the grammar of single Loglan sentences, on a tiny TRS-80 home computer back in 1981. Updating this program to use with Lojban has been difficult, because the varieties of sentences that are typical for Lojban are much more numerous than for earlier Loglan versions.

A few months ago, we discovered a free-ware program called "Shoebox" (Summer Institute of Linguistics) that produces interlinear glosses from one language to another, using a simple word look-up technique and a specially designed word database. Mark Shoulson and others have set up this program to produce quite pretty glosses for Lojban text, but the translation is rather difficult to read, even when you know Lojban grammar - the words that are substituted are the keywords of our word-lists, which are not intended necessarily to be good translations; there is no provision for lujvo compounds, even though they are quite regular; several cmavo have no valid English gloss because they serve purely grammatical roles; and finally, Lojban's predicate grammar means that you need to analyze the grammatical situation to know whether to interpret the English equivalent of a Lojban word as a noun, a verb, and adjective, or an adverb - Shoebox is not sufficiently tailored to Loglan/Lojban's unique regularities to take advantage of them to produce a readable output.

Inspired by this, Nora started designing a grammar-smart interlinear glosser. Carl Burke has aided with some good design ideas, and the project is well underway. Indeed, the program already produces better glosses than the comparable Shoebox versions, even without many 'grammar smarts', because it recognizes Lojban word types, disassembles lujvo, recognizes numbers as a unit, and other simple Lojban-specific functions. It processes outputs from John Cowan's Lojban parser, separating a long text into separate sentences and other logical chunks for easier reading, and optionally retaining or deleting the structure bracketing and inserted elidable marker words that the parser provides in its output. We also have developed a 'dictionary' suited for this program.

If there is demand, we can make the program available fairly shortly in its in-development form bundled with the parser (which it requires). We'll set a tentative price of $50 for the combination, partly because the program is incomplete; the final program may be more expensive. John Cowan's parser by itself is available for $25 (and may be available for some UNIX machines as well as MS-DOS). People who are writing a LOT of Lojban text, and sending it to us or posting it onto Lojban List, can probably convince us to provide a test version of either or both for free (especially if you cannot afford to pay for it) - we'd rather have you be checking your text before we get it rather than be doing it ourselves. The user documentation and support on these programs will be quite limited until the glosser is completed.

We are making these programs available primarily because some people are already finding them useful, not because we believe they are optimal products yet - if you are working often with the language, the program limitations will not much hinder their usefulness. Also, frankly, we need people to contribute more for our support, and having new products to sell gives you something for your money besides the good feeling of contributing to keeping this project alive.

The Cowan Papers, or "The Lojban Textbook Effort Grows Up" - 3 1/2 years ago (October 1988) I started to write a technical description and reference for Lojban. 40 pages and the first descriptive cmavo list were completed. Reviewers at that point basically told me that the text was not working - most people did not know the language well enough to use a reference that presumed basic knowledge of the grammar. The format was very poor as a teaching text. The result was the recommendation that I write a Lojban textbook.

From January through June 1989, I wrote 6+ draft chapters of such a textbook while teaching the first Lojban class. About 150 people have gotten those lessons now, and a couple of dozen of these have studied the language well enough to write fairly effectively in the language. These draft lessons remain available and are the most thorough teaching materials we have for those trying to learn the language.

Alas, the draft lessons, though they've 'aged well', remain incomplete. I stopped writing when we realized that the basic structure of the course was not working in the way we intended and it was getting harder and harder to write lessons that built constructively on what had gone before. The completed textbook would be over 1000 pages, and simply wasn't good enough to justify that much effort.

I started a new draft in 1990, but it got only to page 50. Throughout 1990 and 1991, as others learned the language, the advances in teaching technique outstripped my writing ability. Indeed, under the able leadership of Nick Nicholas, the last year has shown a truly outstanding increase in the sophistication of our knowledge of Lojban expression, its style, and its semantics. But that evolution, and the dozens of little tiny changes in the corners of the language were stresses that hurt my confidence that I was teaching the language appropriately to the ways it is coming to be used. I've also spent too much time dealing with our unending financial problems and simply coordinating the rapid expansion of our organization.

The reference materials of the language continued to evolve as well, and, although the language itself is quite stable, our published descriptions of the language have edged towards obsolescence. The gismu list place structures were too short and vague, but the words themselves were quite stable, as were the rafsi affixes. The cmavo list was nearly as stable, but incessant little changes in the grammar coupled with major advances of our knowledge of how to communicate in Lojban have made a simple list of cmavo inadequate. The YACC-based formal grammar has similarly been quite stable; there were little changes and we had to update the baseline a year later, and a new baseline will take place when the first book comes out (though the number of grammar change proposals in the second baseline year have been less than half of those in the first year).

Since every example in the textbook must be accurate and consistent with the reference lists, the more examples I've put into the text, the shakier the result has become. Simply checking every example in the existing 6 chapters requires hours of work - the new textbook has several times as many examples for each key grammar point.

In addition, the YACC grammar is not too well understood by those who aren't used to that type of grammar definition. There are a lot of trees, with no sense of the forest. The shorter EBNF form of the grammar is better for some people, but it is still formalized and difficult for non-computer people. An especial lack is a series of examples showing all the various structures of the grammar, and discussing why they were present.

This lack of examples was a big hang-up in textbook writing, as well. I spent endless time trying to concoct meaningful examples of sentences that exemplified the points I was trying to make, which were limited in vocabulary, but still interesting. This is NOT my strong skill. Still, the 50 pages of the new draft textbook has dozens of examples and even more exercises.

When John Cowan first became involved in Lojban, 2 years ago, his first promised goal was the rather ambitious one of writing an example sentence for every gismu. He then decided instead to write one sentence for every cmavo, covering every variety of grammatical usage.

A nice ideal, but far too ambitious, as John found out. Some cmavo are permitted in a variety of usages but aren't pragmatically useful in most of them - at least not in a way that we English speakers can easily recognize. For example, it seems rather odd to contemplate the mathematical number "pi" treated like all other numbers and used as a digit, or to enumerate objects or events: "pi events of Mary going to the store" is irrational in more than one sense of the word.

John's continuing work with the grammar has made him even more expert in its details than I am. He has performed the modifications to the YACC grammar for all the little changes of the last two years. In developing that expertise, he learned how thoroughly the language is defined, while how little of that design is yet set down on paper. He set to remedy this problem in the context of his previous goal, choosing to write a "selma'o catalog" that would list all the grammatical components of the language, giving explanations and examples of the use of each of them. Maybe he wouldn't find one example for every word in every grammatical context, but at least there would be an example of each such grammatical form, and the result would show how the rules of the grammar interacted in actual usage (as opposed to the arcane formulae of the YACC grammar).

John spent several months on the selma'o catalog, and created a very nice document that a few people have used effectively to learn about the language structures. The document has remained a draft, though, for several reasons. Basically, though, John realized that his goal remained far beyond what he was capable of writing. I'm going to exaggerate the negatives to make the reasons clear - as I said, the document proved quite useful and informative for the limited audience of reviewers who already knew a bit about the language. Everyone who read it, including me, learned a lot from John's explanations.

The draft selma'o catalog is a couple of hundred paragraphs, with a couple of hundred cross-references; but the latter is not nearly enough. It turns out that so many of the structures are redundant to each other that it is difficult to write about individual word categories without referring to what is said elsewhere, or without repeating the same thing many times over. John also had to make use of so many technical jargon terms that a explanatory glossary was going to be needed that was fully as large as the catalog text, in order for the catalog to be understood by a beginner. Finally, because John wrote the catalog from start to end, it reads fairly well as a textual explanation of the selma'o.

However, as a catalog reference work not intended to be read from start to finish, the document failed. Individual entries are hard to understand - even with all the cross-references, too much of the text presumes that the reader has read and understood what comes 'before it' in the catalog. The result is like a dictionary wherein you must know and understand almost every word in the 'A' section before trying to understand the 'B' words, while 'C' requires knowledge of both 'A' and 'B', etc.

Finally, although John created over a hundred example sentences for the selma'o catalog, this is not nearly enough to exemplify the entire Lojban grammar.

The selma'o catalog will appear in print, probably in the first book to be published (see below). However, it needs to be integrated with other materials in that book, which will take a bit of work. It unfortunately cannot serve the purpose John originally set out for it - to exemplify the variety of cmavo and their usages in the grammar.

To accomplish the latter, John has undertaken and made excellent progress on a new approach. He has divided the grammar of Lojban into some 15 topics. There will be a paper on each topic, covering the cmavo used in the portion of the grammar that addresses that topic. A half dozen of these papers are done or nearly complete.

The topics are not an even division of the grammar - some topics can be covered in very few pages, while others need a lot of explanation and examples. On the average, the topics are being covered to at least the level of detail as the "On Lojban Negation" paper, which was published a couple of years ago with JL and is now distributed with "Package 3" for active language students. (John's writing in these new papers seems to me to be much more readable then my own in the negation paper.) Each paper has dozens of examples; in some of them, over a hundred examples may be found.

The most important of the papers completed thus far is the tense paper included with this issue. One of the most thoroughly analyzed and designed aspects of Lojban, as distinguished from earlier versions of Loglan, the tense system benefits from pc's expertise in tense logic and its expression in the languages of the world.

I've said that the Lojban tense system is overdesigned - it allows the entire variety of tense-related expressions used by any of the world's languages, without particularly favoring any one approach. But each natural language has evolved a highly specialized and often idiomatic approach to expressing tense. The English speaker tackling Russian or Greek or Irish, all Indo-European languages, must learn elaborate tense systems involving perfective tenses that work entirely unlike those of English. Making the matter even worse, most English speakers are ill-educated as to the complexity of the tense structures of their own language, and the subtleties of nuance implicit in various forms of expression. As a result, a major failing people have in learning foreign languages is that they are unable to grasp the new ways of relating time and space embodied in the foreign language, and speak in a very stilted dialect that is difficult for natives to understand. (Most artificial languages have little or no thought put into their tense system, and probably never achieve the subtleties of meaning conveyed by natural language tenses.)

The tense paper included in this issue will likely stretch your mind to envision new relationships in time and space as expressed in language, relationships that are not easily conveyed in English, if at all.

For example, at the moment I am writing this, I say that "I am writing JL16". But since JL16 is not yet published, it doesn't yet exist while I write it (except as a figment of my imagination). In Lojban, we can make this clear by stating that I am writing the inchoative JL16.

Another example, long my favorite, was coined by pc. Suppose X has a dog which he hits in punishment whenever it chews X's clothes. Indeed, he hits it so long that it sustains lasting injury, though a trip to the vet remedies much of this damage. Now suppose over a period of time, X continues this cruel behavior, the dog's condition deteriorates, and it dies. In English, we might say that "X kept on: kept on hitting the dog too long, too long." But without the long-winded explanation, you would almost certainly consider that sentence both ungrammatical and nonsense, when it is neither. (And there is no way to clearly punctuate the sentence, either, as I just found out.) Lojban expresses this situation easily.

Now think of one of those cartoons where the main character drives a motorboat across the lake, then continues up on shore and across the land. This situation is expressed in Lojban using a tense quite similar to that of the last example: the character kept on driving the motorboat too far 'on' the lake.

There are all manner of other tense structures permitted in Lojban, some of which have no parallel in natural language. Lojban's tenses are symmetrical with respect to time - you can talk about future events in as elaborate detail as you can talk about past ones, whereas some natural languages (including English) have only a very degenerate grammar for talking about things to come.

Will people find Lojban's tense grammar enabling? Or will its many unusual forms never find use, and fall by the wayside. We'll only come to know after people have a chance to learn from a thorough explanation of the tense system, such as John has now provided us.

Here is a list of the papers currently planned, and their status:

* morphology, phonology, and orthography (written and published, needs stylistic rewrite to match later papers);

* negation (written and published, needs minor update and reworking to be stylistically consistent with later papers);

* attitudinals/metalinguistics (written and published, needs major rewrite adding many examples);

* tense (written and published with this issue);

* MEX: mathematical expressions (written and internally reviewed - to be published with JL17);

* logical connectives (written and in internal review);

* text structure (written and in internal review);

* lerfu (written and in internal review);

Not yet written (though in some cases planned in considerable detail) are:

* abstraction;

* logical quantification;

* sumti structures - anaphora, descriptions, names, quotes, numbers;

* places and place structures;

* selbri structures;

* tanru making;

* anaphora;

* elidable terminators;

John will write most of these papers. I (Lojbab) will probably do a couple of them, possibly including the major rewrite of the attitudinal paper, a lesser rewrite of the negation paper, and writing some or all of the papers on tanru, elidables, and abstraction. These papers will probably take another year to be completed, reviewed, and integrated for publishing, but the resulting book will be a detailed explanation of all aspects of the Lojban grammar (called a 'reference grammar' by linguists).

These papers will be an invaluable resource in creating examples and exercises to enrich the long-delayed Lojban textbook. Teaching of the intermediate and advanced aspects of the language that were not covered in the 6 draft lessons already written will be especially helped.

As I went to describe John's papers, and the role that they fit in the documentation of the Lojban design, I realized that these collected papers will be nothing other than the Lojban technical description that I started back in 1988, before the textbook was conceived.

We have come full circle. In a year, when the papers are complete and published, Lojban will be well-documented, and the language and its community will be much the richer for it.

Bob and Nora Studying Russian - Nora and I have started an intensive study of Russian. We are trying to adopt one or more young children from Russia, and will have to travel to that country, deal with children who have likely started to understand or even to speak Russian, and also to teach those children about their heritage as they grow up. (Yes, we also plan to teach our kids Lojban.)

What does this have to do with Lojban?

Our learning efforts started in April, and have already had a significant effect on the future textbook. Our situation in learning Russian is not too unlike the typical Lojbanist who wants to learn Lojban - we want to very quickly acquire as much competency in the language as we can, but have minimal opportunity to take formal classes or interact with native speakers.

We've spent a good chunk of money on textbooks, tapes, and other learning aids; we've adapted LogFlash to the study of Russian vocabulary (surprisingly easy due to Nora's excellent program design foresight, even though Russian uses a keyboard and alphabet rather different from what normally appears on your computer screen).

Only a month into the effort, I'm learning what methods work for rapid self-teaching, and which do not.

When Nora and I learned Loglan/- Lojban, we acquired it slowly, over several years, without prepared materials to work from, and our level of skill until the last couple of years did not approach a useful level. Our experience was unlike what the new Lojbanist faces in trying to learn the language, and even more strongly different from the way we hope Lojbanists will learn the language in the future after the books and other materials are complete.

However, our experience in studying Russian from prepared materials in a short time will more closely approximate the typical Lojbanist's situation.

What have we learned? We need many more examples and exercises - each of the books we are using gives dozens of very simple exercises for each point taught, several exercises requiring use of each vocabulary word to be added to the learner's 'active' vocabulary, and an incremental approach that adds new grammar features quickly (at least at our study pace) but only one at a time. We have also found that tapes are useful and indeed important to giving students confidence that they can actually speak the language, as they copy what is being said. Tape exercises give practice in listening to the language, as well as correction of the errors and other problems that creep into the self-teaching student's pronunciation.

I am also getting specifically helpful samples of style: how much explanation is appropriate and useful, and what type of wording is clearest. Indeed, some specific Russian pronunciation explanations will prove quite useful in explaining similar points about Lojban.

I've spent a lot of thought on the textbook writing problem, and sent out a questionnaire to potential Lojban students on the computer networks. The problems I've had in writing the textbook have included a lack of time, too many things to do, instability in the details of the language, and low morale. But the real problem was that I was trying to write a textbook with no real understanding of what a language textbook needs to contain.

I've spent a lot of time over the last 5 years examining language textbooks, their structure, and teaching techniques. I've read over a dozen books on standard and unorthodox language teaching methodologies and on textbook writing for both commonly studied languages and for little-known languages for which native speaker materials are hard to acquire.

(You would be surprised how little agreement there is on teaching methodologies among language teaching professionals. Simply speaking, there is no methodology that has proven to work effectively for the wide variety of student backgrounds and goals. The best materials are those for learning English, but English-speaking natives like me cannot look at these materials and truly understand the methods being used, and how they might relate to designing materials for other languages - the best materials are quite unlike the ones native speakers study in English grammar class.)

This reading means that I actually understand the techniques being used by the Russian textbook writers as they use them on me (the best Russian textbooks on the market were written in Russia by professionals there, and then translated and adapted for English-speaking audiences). I can see which techniques work well with a self-teaching student, and which would need two or more people, or even a class, to be effective.

It is no big surprise that the techniques that work best on me are quite similar to the LogFlash flash card technique. It IS significant, both to me, and potentially to people who design materials for other languages, how valuable an understanding of WHY I am doing an exercise helps me do that exercise better - I concentrate on what is important, and don't worry about the rest (I can tell this benefit because I can see the problems that Nora is having, not having had this background in language teaching theory.)

It turns out that this new information will not affect the textbook writing I've done thus far. We decided a long time ago to totally rewrite the materials in the draft 6 lessons in the new textbook, which will have a different organization, as well as a different style. The draft lessons, updated to the current language with minimal stylistic changes, will still be put out as a book later this year, because we can get it done quickly and because people have proven able to learn from the book.

The rewritten textbook has been stalled near the end of Chapter 1 for over a year - partly from lack of time, more recently from reduced priority. Chapter 1 is an overview of the entire language, a big-picture summary that attempts to get across the fundamental differences between Lojban and other languages in hopes that when we turn to a detailed, incremental buildup of language skills in succeeding chapters, people will have a framework to build upon. (It is rather difficult to properly teach about Lojban sentence features without knowing that Lojban sentences themselves are conceptually unlike English sentences.) It will take little work to adapt Lesson 1 for this new approach, but I now, finally, have some idea how to write Lesson 2 - which has been a significant hindrance on my writing.

Book Plans - Last issue, I expected that we would have one or two books completed by the end of the year, those books being composed of updated versions of already published materials.

Surprising few people, the books haven't yet happened. The distractions of the financial situation hurt both morale and concrete progress. More important, the documents that we intended to incorporate into book form have lots of elusive little inconsistencies which are taking a long time to resolve and document so that we don't introduce new errors as we correct the old. The January weekend meeting discussed above led to a lot of changes in the gismu list place structures, and all other documents have to be reconciled with those changes. A lot of progress has been made, though, and I can surely state that, except for the time I'm taking to produce this JL issue, la lojbangirz. is decidedly in a book-producing mode.

The number of books planned has increased as we produce the two originally identified. Here's the current plan:

Textbook - The existing draft textbook lessons will be updated to the current language and minor changes put in to reflect specific difficulties that people had with an explanation. This revision will take time, but isn't too difficult. Some added tutorial materials, dealing with topics not covered in the 6 lessons that are important to new Lojbanists will be appended, and the first chapter of the new draft textbook will serve as an overview at the beginning.

Thereafter, work will commence on writing the 'real' textbook, using some of the ideas I've learned from teaching the language since the first draft textbook was started in 1989, as well as from our learning Russian, as described above. This writing may take a year or two, so that the revised draft textbook is what there will be until then. The full textbook may run to 2 volumes - I haven't yet seen a textbook that gives conversational fluency in a language in even two books.

Lojban, while simpler than most languages, still has a large vocabulary to learn. There is a minimum amount of vocabulary that must be mastered to converse fluently in any language. We have had little success in convincing people to get that head start on the vocabulary needed to make textbook learning flow smoothly. The draft lessons averaged 100 new words per lesson, and people in the first class did not do enough self-study of this vocabulary to have the vocabulary keep up with their grammar learning. The answer is smaller, shorter lessons, and some additional work on vocabulary teaching and drilling techniques. But language textbooks seem to set a target of around 1000-1200 words for a typical textbook, and this is only enough for rudimentary communication in most languages, including Lojban. Thus we will need 2 books to get people to active use vocabularies of 2000+ words, which is almost certainly the minimum needed for any real comfort in communicating.

Of course people using LogFlash can get to that 2000 word level much more quickly, and without a book, since the gismu and cmavo in LogFlash 3 together amount to around 2000 words, and most of these have some use in conversation and writing.

Reference Book/Dictionary - Originally the dictionary was going to come after the textbook. This has changed. As indicated last issue, we decided to assemble the various draft reference materials into a single book replacing our motley collection of printed handouts and reference lists with a single cheaper volume that is also up-to-date.

Because we need up-to-date references in order to revise the draft textbook, we decided last year that this book was to come first. It has turned out that producing it was not a simple assembly of old documents because bringing those documents into consistency with the current language has taken a lot of time. However, the added time has provided insights that will make the new document better than originally expected. The revised gismu list, for example, now typically has 2 or more English glosses for each Lojban word, and the English order list will be much more useful for those looking up words. We've had side projects going on regarding Lojbanization of names, and are even starting to assemble some of the lujvo used in Lojban text so far into lists (there have been over 2000 such lujvo actually used in Lojban text, which can be added to some 5000 proposed words that are on paper and computer disk from earlier Loglan work). I expect that the slow production process will allow me enough time to put a non-trivial sampling of these into the book. The resulting lists will be less thoroughly checked and standard than the well-analyzed gismu and cmavo lists, but the reference book is now looking more like the dictionary that people really want to see.

It won't be the dictionary I WANT to produce, but it will have more to it than most first dictionaries of artificial languages, and will serve as a good start.

I have been calling this book the 'proto-dictionary'.

The proto-dictionary will also have the formal grammar in both YACC and BNF forms, a glossary of Lojban and technical/linguistic jargon that often appears in discussion of Lojban, the morphology rules, and other useful reference material. I plan to include a form of the selma'o catalog started by John Cowan (described above).

A more complete dictionary will be built after this one is done, but it again will take a couple of years - I've always known this was a big project for one person, and without funding for more than myself to work on it, it will take a lot of time.

Nora has found a purse-sized gismu list that I prepared for her as an experiment to be very useful. therefore, we are considering putting out a tiny pocket version of the protodictionary with word lists only. If you think such a book would be useful enough for you to buy in addition to the full protodictionary, let us know - the market for this book will determine whether it is produced in this generation of Lojban materials, rather than waiting until there are more Lojbanists to buy it.

Grammar Description - John Cowan's papers, described above, along with the ones I have written and will write in the future, will form the third basic Lojban book.

Introduction to Lojban - The cost to us of our introductory package is quite high, and only some 10-20% of the people who ask for information send us payment. By assembling the introductory package into a small book, we can get better postal rates for mailing it, as well as reducing our printing costs. The savings is only a few hundred dollars a year, but every little bit helps, and a lower price might encourage more to pay.

Lojban Phrase Book - We started doing a phrase book for LogFest last year, and a few dozen pages of materials have been assembled. The concept is similar to the standard 'Berlitz' phrase-books for travellers, recognizing that the phrases a Lojbanist needs are not quite the same as those that a traveller to a foreign country would want.

Lojban Reader - We are still talking about this book, though it will likely be delayed because the other books are more important and the market for a reader is still small. The amount of Lojban text that has been written or translated is now enormous. However, checking the translations are slow and inefficient; even small changes in the language require a rechecking. We are also hoping that more Lojbanists will start writing new things in the language rather than translating. Most things people wish to translate are covered by copyright, and tracking down of permissions to reproduce such translations commercially is something we haven't figured out how to do efficiently (along with the fact that we might have to pay royalties).

=== Schedule ===

We may not be too good lately at meeting our schedules, being too dependent on both time and money that are not under our control, but having a schedule helps us keep priorities straight, and helps you know what he are doing to bring the language to you.

Here are the current plans:

(June 92)

</pre>

LogFest 92A

Printed:

JL16

LK16

Diagrammed Examples of Lojban Sentences

Tense Paper

Electronic postings to PLS:

Diagrammed Examples of Lojban Sentences

Tense Paper

Mex Paper

lerfu Paper draft

Text Structure Paper draft

Logical Connectives Paper draft

Revised cmavo list

(August 92)

</pre>

LogFest 92B - Annual Meeting

Printed:

JL17

LK17

Lojban Mini-Lesson

Mex Paper

What is Lojban - la lojban. mo Brochure (Esperanto version)

Electronic postings to PLS.:

lerfu Paper

Text Structure Paper

What is Lojban - la lojban. mo Brochure (Esperanto version) - updated

A comparison of Lojban and 1989 Institute Loglan (Cowan)

Glossary of Lojban/linguistic terminology

(September 92)

</pre>

Books:

Lojban Reference Materials/- Proto-Dictionary

Lojban Pocket Dictionary

Software:

Hypercard LogFlash/Mac - (Revised and New versions)

(November 92)

</pre>

Printed:

JL18

LK18

Lojban Learning Materials (Book)

Electronic postings to PLS.:

Revised Draft Lessons 1-6

Negation paper (updated)

Attitudinal Paper (updated)

Synopsis of Lojban Orthography, Phonology, and Morphology (updated)

(Dec 92)

</pre>

Software

Lojban Parser (PC and some UNIX versions)

Lojban Parser/Glosser

Logflash 2 - rafsi (Revision 7)

Unscheduled But Planned

</pre>

Printed:

Lojban Textbook

Lojban Dictionary

Lojban Reader

Lojban Phrase Book

Printed and Electronic:

Lojban gismu Etymologies

Software:

Lojban Adventure Game

=== Using the Language ===

The most heartening development of the last several months has been the spread of regular and active Lojban work to several people outside of the DC area. These people, primarily in contact with each other through the computer networks, are doing a variety of translations and other writings, games, and discussions. The activities being undertaken often rely on advanced Lojban skills. That people are able to do these activities without direction or instruction from those of us who did the language design proves that the language has now been defined well enough that it is no longer totally dependent on Nora, pc, John Cowan and myself for survival.

Even more significantly, the people participating in these activities come from a variety of language backgrounds. Ivan Derzhanski, in Scotland, is native Bulgarian. Nick Nicholas, in Australia, is native Greek/English. Colin Fine, in the UK, of course uses British English, while Mark Shoulson uses American English (though he does most of his translating to Lojban from Hebrew). A new Lojbanist, Veijo Vilva is Finnish.

Lojban Conversation Group - Before Athelstan's accident in February, the Lojban conversation group here in DC passed its first anniversary of regular weekly conversation sessions in Lojban. Without Athelstan, we have shifted to non-conversation activities such as translations to and from Lojban of simple texts, while teaching new Lojbanist David Young enough of the language that he can comfortably participate in conversation. As described above, we expect to merge the conversation group into a new Lojban class here in the DC area that will swell our numbers of conversant speakers.

On the Net - Lojban List has remained steady at around 60-80 members, though the last few weeks have shown a new group of people joining in. While most of the subscribers to this list are 'lurkers' in net terminology (they read what's posted but seldom contribute), the number who contribute to discussions has grown to a couple of dozen.

The intensity of discussion varies. Earlier this year, the list was averaging a dozen messages a day, some of considerable length. Lately, things have been quiet, with only one or two messages a day.

The technical level of discussions has increased. Indeed, we've had a little problem in that new subscribers who haven't received our materials tend to be a bit lost in the details of the fairly advanced discussions, and very little is posted for beginning Lojbanists. I keep urging beginners to post questions, but few participate.

Phone Game - The old party game called variously "the phone game" or "whisper down the line" has found a new incarnation in Lojban. Originally started by Jack Bennetto, this game is just completing its 3rd 'round'. Lojbanists are each given a message, originally in English. They translate it into Lojban and pass it to the next person, who translates it back to English, then the next back to Lojban, etc. until the message has gone full circle. The requirement is to translate about two lines once a week, so the time commitment is rather small.

Participants in the latest 5 message round include Ivan Derzhanski, Sylvia Rutiser, Mark Shoulson, Colin Fine, and Nora LeChevalier, with Nick Nicholas coordinating things and assembling the results.

At the end of the game, Nick collects comments from everyone on the obvious and not-so-obvious errors that creep into the translations, and they are posted to Lojban List. Two sample messages from the 2nd round, with post-game commentary, appear in le lojbo se ciska below. People participating in the game learn much from trying to find ways to rephrase what they receive. Nick is hoping to increase the number of participants in the next round.

Translations and other Writings - The volume of Lojban text, mostly translations, continues to grow. So does the diversity of translators and sources. Nick Nicholas is still by far the leading translator into Lojban, with about 10 new efforts of length comparable to that in JL15 since that issue was published. Some of these translations are from Greek, both ancient and modern, some are from Esperanto, and even a couple from English. Nick has also completed translating the text of the original 'Adventure' computer game, known as 'Colossal Cave' (badbarda kevna), and we hope to have a Lojban version of this game available by the end of the year.

Ivan Derzhanski has translated two stories from Bulgarian into Lojban. One of these will probably appear in the next issue, unless we get the final review done in time for this issue's deadline. Ivan has been complimented for his 'natural' Lojban use that is very easy to read.

Mark Shoulson has translated sections of Genesis from the original Hebrew, as well as some traditional Hebrew songs. Colin Fine has translated the fairy tale "The Princess and the Pea", and several songs, including one of his own. John Cowan has translated a short tale from Hakka, a rural Chinese dialect. Veijo Vilva and And Rosta have each translated haiku poetry, and Lojbab translated a Gilbert and Sullivan song. Jamie Bechtel revised his translation of an Ursula Leguin science fiction story, which we will print if we can get copyright release. And of course the DC group has done a variety of translations, mostly of simple texts from the 19th century schoolbooks called "McGuffy's Readers".

Michael Helsem recently sent a new poem written in Lojban, after several months of inactivity while relocating to Seattle. Thus far he's the only one emphasizing original writing in Lojban.

Discussions - Lojban List has had discussions on innumerable topics, and space is forcing us to leave most of these out of this issue. These discussions have been very helpful in resolving some of the issues that come up as we clean up the loose ends in the language documentation. Some of the discussions are excerpted in this issue, and more will appear in later issues, but we can hardly start to include the volume of material appearing on Lojban List.

Linguist List - John Cowan and Lojbab have also been active in "Linguist List", a mailing list for professional linguists who are conducting research. Our activity has earned us, and Lojban, name recognition in this critical community, and we have garnered considerable respect for Lojban's potential value in linguistics research (see research news below).

Conlang - A third mailing list exists for people interested in constructed languages in general as opposed to Lojban or some other particular language. Many of the participants are people inventing their own languages, often for fun or for use in fiction. Lojbanists contribute frequently on this forum, and we have gained several new supporters as a result.

=== Research Using Lojban ===

As we have gained respect in the linguistics community, a few linguists have offered ideas for how Lojban would be useful in their work. I'll highlight three key contacts.

Alexis Manaster-Ramer - Alexis is a noted linguist at Wayne State University in Michigan. He is active in a variety of linguistics arenas, and leads in international relations with the Russian linguistics community, computational linguistics, and historical linguistics (he has a forthcoming paper that will be the first in-depth technical review by American linguists of the 'Nostratic' theory of language evolution, which has been much-discussed in the popular press.

Alexis has suggested that Lojban may be well-suited for use in semantic analysis of differing natural languages. Specifically, if you have, for example, a word in Polish, and a word in English, they might be translated into two separate words in Lojban, but then using some of Lojban's features to serve as a metalanguage for talking about the relationships between the meanings. He says that linguists often make nonsensical claims/errors because in dealing with glosses of words from other languages, they often forget that the gloss is not necessarily identical in meaning.

(He cites as an example a guy who did his thesis demonstrating that English "if" was not a logical connection by examining how translations of "if" s sentences into Tagalog were not logical connectives because the word used in Tagalog definitely doesn't ever act like such a connective. Alexis notes that this argument is silly - the Tagalog word was not necessarily identical in meaning to the English word, even if it WAS used in translation. Ideally you want to never assume that two words in different language map to exactly the same semantic space.

Another example, from Polish (which is Alexis' native language). 'Orange' in its Polish incarnation is not as primary a color as it is in English. Even though the archetype orange may be similar or identical in the two languages, the word for the concept covers a narrower band in Polish, so some things English calls 'orange' Alexis sees as a flavor of yellow and more rarely as red. Lojban has the capability, independent of the vaguely defined Lojban narju, to add words glinarju and polskrnarju for the two source language "oranges". Having different words, a Lojban-using analyst wouldn't assume them to be identical in meaning, and would perhaps also have the metalanguage capability through adding BAI places and the like, to clearly distinguish the meanings and the transformations needed to relate the two. Each word would have an archetype and a range in both hue and saturation - the limits between orange and other colors being different in Polish than in English.

Alexis thus sees in Lojban the basis for a general or universal semantic theory after the concept that none other than Whorf had (Whorf apparently thought that gestalt psychology could serve as the basis of an independent universal semantic theory). Lojban's cultural independence (whether neutral or not, it is relatively independent of other cultures through the need to reformulate and reanalyze virtually every concept for both syntactic and semantic place structure values when you translate into Lojban), and its extensibility allow for a lot of power in semantic analysis.

While the goal is some kind of universal semantic analysis capability, just the ability to use Lojban to tackle small problems, like the color words, or Nootka sentence words or 57 Inuit words for snow, would be a boon to linguists doing their work. The longer term goal need not even be dealt with at first.

It is interesting that an opportunity like this comes up in semantics, the area where we have done the least work in Lojban, and yet the lack of work done is not a handicap for the research Alexis has in mind.

For the technically minded, linguist David Elworthy attempted to reformulate my description in more formal terms. In some ways his version seems more clear than my presentation. David writes:

We are considering lexical translation between two languages lg1 and lg2. Such a translation will only rarely be an isomorphism, in the sense that the words (or whatever) in the language will have identical meanings; most of the time we have a homomorphism, i.e. in going from lg1 to lg2 we discard some of the meaning and add in some extra bits of meaning. The problem is that linguists and others who work with translations forget that they are using a homomorphism and treat it as an isomorphism: hence the "if" in English and Tagalog example. The picture of what happens at the moment is thus:

lg1 -----------------> lg2

h

(using h for the homomorphism).

The proposal is to use a three stage process: lg1 to the nearest object (word, phrase) in Lojban, some object in Lojban to lg2, and something to link the two Lojban objects, i.e.:

lg1 ----> Lojban ----> Lojban ---- > lg2

h1 h2 h3

such that composing the three homomorphisms h1, h2 and h3 gives you h.

The suggestion is that Lojban is a good tool for this because we can produce objects for the middle stages which have a very precise meaning (so we get h1 and h3 right), and furthermore that these meanings can be reduced to members of a small collection of primitive objects joined with well-defined connective. Hence we should be able to get h2. So we have reduced h to simpler terms, and so we can get a more precise understanding of the original translation.

When I started to write this I was trying to work out why I felt skeptical about it, and I think I now find that I am less skeptical than I thought! The major difficulty is in h1 and h3. To know whether you have got these right, i.e. found or constructed the right Lojban objects, you have to make reference to something outside the languages involved, and this might just mean that you have replaced the need to do this once (in h) with a need to do it twice (h1 and h3). But perhaps this is really the aim: to reduce one hard problem to two easier ones.

Ivan notes further that Lojban may be most helpful where it is important to forget about cultural concepts or about the Indo-Europeanish concept of parts of speech. He also mentions family relationship words and tenses as fruitful areas of investigation.

Anyone interested in actively keeping abreast of this research project should let us know. If you have access to the computer nets, this is helpful, since that is likely where most discussion will take place as we attempt to focus this into a more formal research proposal. We will of course keep people generally aware of how this develops in JL.

Ivan Derzhanski - Ivan is pursuing his own research interests at the University of Edinburgh. He plans to use Lojban significantly in his research. Among other activities, Ivan has written and submitted a paper addressing the variety of modification strategies that languages use in tanru (modifier/- modificand pairings). He includes some Lojban examples.

Alan Libert - Alan is a linguist at McGill University in Canada. In April he gave a presentation at the International Linguistics Association meeting in Washington DC, which I attended. Alan's paper was on the use of artificial languages, especially those (like Lojban) which do not attempt to copy the structures of some other language or group of languages (a priori languages) to research in language universals. He hypothesizes that those who invent languages will unconsciously incorporate true universals in their language design even when they are trying to depart from their native language constraints.

His initial efforts, dealing with the well-known analyses of word order in languages, were inconclusive. However, we noted in discussion of the paper that such 'obvious' features of language design are too well-known and hence likely to be an intentional choice on the part of the language inventor. For example, the recently publicized "Klingon" language used in the Star Trek movies was explicitly invented to have Object before Subject order, a rare feature found only in a few Amazon-region languages.

=== International News/Publicity ===

There is not much news in these areas that isn't already covered elsewhere. With active Lojbanists now scattered around the world (indeed, while our mailing list is heavily concentrated in the US, the people actually learning and using the language seem exceptionally spread out), news about Lojban is often 'international'.

In the publicity arena, we have had some useful international developments. The major international Esperanto monthly Monato had a short article mentioning Lojban and giving our mail and computer addresses. A couple of dozen have responded, almost all from outside the US, and we hope to encourage this development into a further spurt of international Lojban use.

The second development is Nora and my eventual trip to Russia as part of our adopting a child. The nature of that process is such that we will not be able to do much lead planning of the trip, but I certainly intend to take advantage of our visit to promote Lojban in that country, noted for its diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage. (I'm hoping to have a Russian translation of the Lojban brochure and perhaps other materials before leaving).

There is a good possibility that la lojbangirz. will lose its capability to accept credit card orders/contributions, which we started primarily for the benefit of non-US supporters. We are now paying US$15/month minimum and no annual fee; this will rise in October to US$50 per year and US$25/month minimum. We will be paying more in fees most months than we gain in income from credit cards. Unless we find a new, cheaper avenue for processing credit cards, this service will have to be dropped. We will still be able to process non-US denominated cheques using Thomas Cook, for a US$3.50 fee. If you are planning a credit card contribution, though, I recommend that you do so before summer ends.

=== News From the Institute ===

The Loglan Institute (TLI) continues to survive, though this remains fairly invisible on the forums that we see. Since our last issue, two more issues of Lognet have appeared. Each contains a short piece of Loglan text, and discussions of various technical issues. Lognet seems to look like some of our early JL issues, only much smaller.

Most entertaining is how users of the TLI version are discovering many of the improvements we made in creating Lojban 5 years ago, or have added since. Indeed, almost every change reported in TLI Loglan was already part of Lojban. Given the wide overlap between TLI supporters and readers of this publication and our computer net discussions, there may be a reason for this.

JCB has been especially invisible the last several months. Having moved TLI to San Diego when he relocated there last summer, JCB has apparently spent the time since last November preparing and sailing his yacht from Florida around to his new home.

TLI Legal Appeal Rejected - As reported last issue, TLI appealed the US Patent and Trademark Office ruling in our favor that 'Loglan' was not a valid trademark for TLI's "dictionaries and grammars" because it is a generic name for a language and not an indication that the source of those products is TLI. This ruling, the result of a long dispute between us and TLI, would allow us to use 'Loglan' freely in our promotion of our materials, especially in attempting to reach the people who have heard of Loglan through the 1960 Scientific American article, Heinlein's reference in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress and other such instances that predate or are otherwise unrelated to TLI and its products. The legal battle was started in 1988 after TLI threatened legal action over our use of the term 'Loglan' in JL in ways they did not approve.

Oral arguments on the appeal were held on 7 November 1991, before three judges of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Bill Herbert of Staas and Halsey argued for la lojbangirz., while Wesley Parsons argued for TLI. JCB was present in the courtroom, as were Athelstan and myself.

Oral arguments lasted only about a half hour; then a long wait for the decision, which was finally issued on 28 April. The decision was clearly and strongly in our favor, and makes further likelihood that our position will be refuted quite remote. Mr. Parsons has filed a request for rehearing, as is often done, but the appeals court rarely grants such requests.

The Circuit Court of Appeals is normally the court of last resort for trademark and other intellectual property cases. The only higher court is the U. S. Supreme Court, and they take perhaps one such case every several years; the grounds for such a Supreme Court appeal have to typically require some particular controversy, a significant constitutional issue, or disagreement between lower courts (which cannot happen in trademark cases, since there is now only one appeals court that handles trademark issues). These grounds are going to be particularly difficult to find in the Loglan decision. A Supreme Court case is also quite expensive to file for such a low chance of success, and with this appeal decision, the courts have started requiring TLI to pay some of our costs in refuting their appeals.

In discussing the appeal in Lognet, JCB made statements suggesting that he was confident of victory and that it was just a matter of time until this occurred. As a result of these statements, our attorney has urged that we publish the Appeals decision in full so that there is no question that TLI's case has little on which to stand. We are doing so below, omitting only legal case citations that wouldn't mean much except to lawyers (we'll supply a copy of the decision, and of the original trademark cancellation decision to those wanting these details, at reproduction cost).

One more settlement attempt rejected - While we continue to defend our right to use the term "Loglan" in promoting the language, we have continued, whenever avenues present themselves, to pursue more productive resolutions of our disputes with TLI. Discovering on short notice that JCB was coming to Washington to attend the hearing, we initiated contact through our attorneys to set up a mediated discussion of differences leading to a resolution of those differences. When TLI seemed to show interest, we hurriedly drafted a lengthy proposal to serve as an agenda for such a meeting, indicating several options that could be pursued. However, TLI quickly rejected the proposal/agenda without comment, and indicated that they found no basis for mutual discussions. Thus, even though JCB and I were in the same courtroom in November, at his choice no meeting occurred.

== le lojbo se ciska ==

Excerpt from the 2nd Round of the Phone Game

</pre>

Here is the first of two sample sentences from the phone game played on the computer nets. This one communicated very well. Commentary courtesy of Nick Nicholas.

The original phrase was:

Hot?! Man, it was so hot, if you cracked an egg on the sidewalk, it'd fry in ten seconds flat! Honest!

Mark Shoulson translated this as:

xu pu glare paunai .i leni glare zo'u lenu karpo'i da'i lo sovda vi lo dzuklaji cu rinka lenu ra bazi binxo lo se jukpa ba'o lo snidu be li pano sa'e .i ba'ucu'i

(Was it hot? (This is not a question). For the amount of heat, (something) open-breaking (suppose) into an egg (pieces) at a walk-street causes that it (the egg pieces) become a cooked-thing after 10 seconds (exactly!). (Accuracy!))

Mark justified not explicitly flagging exaggeration by saying: A little strange, in that the speaker claims not to be exaggerating, but then that's the most common form of exaggeration. It hardly seems likely to expect Lojban speakers to be honest with their attitudinals and lose the power their hyperbole. Then again, we can assume that the sentence really is true, so that's okay.

The main blunder is with the place structure of porpi: it has x1 breaking into pieces x2, not agent x1 breaking x2 into pieces x3 (this is popygau or some variant of popri'a). I like prenexes too, but I would put leni glare into an explicit BAI place (ki'u...).

~~DOUBLE YOUR LOJBAN FUN -- TWO LOGFESTS THIS YEAR~~

What I was in fact looking for is the translation of "so hot that..." suggested by Lojbab in a past JL: ".i glare seja'e lenu co'eli'o". Are we sure that, if the breaking of the egg is hypothetical, that its effect (it's being cooked) is also hypothetical; ie. the Lojban doesn't necessarily imply "If you were to break the egg, it will ca'a cook"? I suppose so.

~~JUNE 26-28 AND AUGUST 14-17~~, ~~1992~~

One may debate whether Mark's translation was good Lojban (personally, I think it was). In any case, it was excellent English :), as Colin's translation shows:

~~NEW DC AREA LOJBAN CLASS STARTING -~~- ~~SIGN UP NOW~~!

WAS IT HOT! The heat - if you cracked an egg on the pavement it would be cooked in ten seconds, no more, really!

~~DETAILS IN NEWS SECTION~~

ju'~~i lobypli (JL) is the quarterly journal of The Logical~~

(I don't have any comment to make: this is the first almostfully successful message relay in this game).

~~Language Group, Inc., known in these pages as la lojbangirz. la~~

~~lojbangirz.~~ is ~~a non-profit organization formed for the purpose of~~

~~completing and spreading the logical human language "Lojban - A~~

~~Realization of Loglan" (commonly called "Lojban"), and informing~~ the

~~community about logical languages~~ in ~~general.~~

~~la lojbangirz. is a non-profit organization under Section~~

~~501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Your donations (not~~

~~contributions to your voluntary balance) are tax-deductible on U.S.~~

~~and most state income taxes. Donors are notified at the end of each~~

~~year of their total deductible donations.~~

~~For purposes of terminology, "Lojban" refers to a specific~~

~~version of a logical human language, the generic language and~~

~~associated research project having been called "Loglan" since its~~

~~invention by Dr. James Cooke Brown in 1954. Statements referring to~~

~~"Loglan/Lojban" refer to both the generic language and to Lojban as a~~

~~specific instance of that language. The Lojban version of Loglan was~~

~~created as an alternative because Dr. Brown and his organization~~

~~claims copyright on everything in his version, including each~~

~~individual word of the vocabulary. The Lojban vocabulary and grammar~~

~~and all language definition materials, by contrast, are public domain.~~

~~Anyone may freely use Lojban for any purpose without permission or~~

~~royalty. la lojbangirz. believes that such free usage is a necessary~~

~~condition for an engineered language like Loglan/Lojban to become a~~

~~true human language, and to succeed in the various goals that have~~

~~been proposed for its use.~~

~~Page count~~ this ~~issue: 48 + 40 enclosures = 88 ($8.80 North~~

~~America, $10.56 elsewhere~~)~~. Press run for this issue of ju'i lobypli:~~

2

~~265. We now have about 726 people receiving our publications, and 240~~

~~more awaiting textbook publication~~.

~~Your Mailing Label~~

Sylvia came up with:

~~Your mailing label reports your current mailing status, and your~~

.u'e glare .ije da'i lo sovda cu selporpi di'o le dagysfe seri'a seljukpa snidu ja'e li su'e pa no

~~current voluntary balance including this issue~~. ~~Please notify us of~~

((Wonder!) Heat. And (suppose) an egg is broken at the locus of the road-surface causing (that: {lenu} omitted) (something) is- cooked lasting- -(some)-seconds result the number at most 10.)

~~changes in your activity~~/~~interest level~~. ~~Balances reflect contri~~-

~~butions received thru 30 May 1992~~. ~~Mailing codes (and approximate~~

~~balance needs~~) ~~are:~~

~~Activity/Interest Level~~: ~~Highest Package~~

This has me a bit worried. The place of da'i in the sentence can be argued about, but the seljukpa snidu ja'e sequence doesn't make much sense to me. Well it does, but it circuitous. What's happening is: "it's a being-cooked lasting-n-seconds thing" which makes sense, sorta, but you're waiting to find out what n is, and instead of n being the second place (seljukpa snidu li su'epano), it shows up as a ja'e place: "resulting in the number 10". Now this could mean "it's an n-second cook ending up being 10 seconds" (cf.: it's a ten-second wait) which is fine, but it in fact ends up as "it's an n-second cook resulting in the number ten." In Lojban, of course, it's easier to deduce from the second phrase that the first was meant. I would still, however, regard this use of ja'e as anomalous, and dangerously vague.

~~Received (Price Each) Other flags:~~

B - ~~Observer 0 - Introductory Materials ($5) JL JL Subscription~~

~~($28/yr)~~

C - ~~Active Supporter 1~~ - ~~Word Lists~~ and

~~Language Description~~ (~~$15~~) (~~followed by~~

~~expiration issue #)~~

~~D - Lojban Student 2~~ - ~~Language Design~~

~~Information ($10~~) * indicates

~~subscription prepaid~~

E - Lojban ~~Practitioner 3 - Draft Teaching~~

~~Materials ($30) LK LK Subscription ($5/yr)~~

~~R Review Copy (no~~

~~charge)~~

~~UP Automatic Updates~~

~~(>$20)~~

~~Please keep us informed of changes in your mailing address~~, and US

None the less, the meaning is still retrievable, and there hasn't been any significant distortion, as in other sentences.

~~subscribers are asked to provide ZIP+4 codes whenever you know them~~.

3

[Another phone game extract will be found below.]

~~Contents of This Issue~~

~~Important: Due to financial constraints, ju'i lobypli is~~

== Text of the Court of Appeals Decision ==

~~converting to a full subscription basis, starting with the next issue~~

~~(JL17). Please read the section on subscriptions for details.~~

~~It's been a while since last issue, as we attempted to get our~~

~~finances back on an even keel. Our financial health plan is taking~~

~~effect, and we expect future issues~~ of ~~JL to resume quarterly~~

~~appearance (if you are a subscriber, of course). (I also want to~~

~~apologize to people who have had to wait an excessively long time for~~

~~materials ordered during the last 6 months. Hopefully the order~~

~~backlog will have been corrected when you get this issue.)~~

~~As will usually be the case, this issue contains much material~~

~~derived from~~ the ~~Lojban List computer mailing list on the Internet.~~

~~Nearly all such material has been edited, revised, and corrected from~~

~~the original.~~

~~We continue to be flooded with Lojban text from several writers,~~

~~and some~~ of ~~this material will be found in this issue.~~

~~Several pieces in this issue relate to Lojban and computer~~

~~applications, and our first research proposal is reprinted.~~

~~The main body of this issue will be short, because we are~~

~~including two long enclosures: a major paper by John Cowan on Lojban~~

~~tense structures, and a major revision/improvement of the Diagrammed~~

~~Summary of Lojban Grammar Forms, which is becoming the mainstay of our~~

~~introductory materials. Some of the material originally prepared for~~

~~this issue, including about 10 pages of discussion of the Sapir-Whorf~~

~~Hypothesis, will be delayed until JL17 (which, having this extra~~

~~preparation done, is much more likely to come out on time!)~~

As stated above, this is the text of the decision by the US Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in TLI's appeal of our successful petition for cancellation of TLI's registered trademark for 'Loglan'. The text is printed verbatim, except for asterisks in brackets substituting for multitudinous legal citations that mean little to the average reader.

~~Table of Contents~~

92-1254

Cancellation No. 18,026

THE LOGLAN INSTITUTE, INC., Appellant,

v.

THE LOGICAL LANGUAGE GROUP, INC., Appellee.

~~Brief Glossary of Lojban Terms ---3~~

DECIDED: April 28, 1992

~~News~~

</pre>

~~Subscriptions and Finances ---3~~

~~Athelstan Injured ---4~~

~~Language Education ---5~~

~~Electronic Distribution ---5~~

~~Logfest 92 ---7~~

~~Language Development Status ---8~~

~~Status of Products --12~~

~~Schedule --19~~

~~Using the Language --19~~

~~Research Using Lojban --20~~

~~International News~~/~~Publicity --21~~

~~News From the Institute --21~~

~~le lojbo se ciska --22, 25, 31, 35, 37, 41~~

~~Text of the Court of Appeals Decision --23~~

~~lei lojbo --26~~

~~la lojbangirz.'s First Research Proposal --27~~

~~DLT - Esperanto-based Machine Translation --34~~

~~A Lojbanic Cultural Allegory --36~~

~~Morphology Algorithm --39~~

~~Translations of le lojbo se ciska --42~~

~~Next Issue --46~~

~~Sample Pages from Forthcoming Dictionary --46~~

~~Computer Net Information~~

Before PLAGER, Circuit Judge, SKELTON, Senior Circuit Judge, and LOURIE, Circuit Judge.

LOURIE, Circuit Judge.

4

The Loglan Institute, Inc. (Institute), appeals the final decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (Board) in Cancellation No. 18,026 (February 4, 1991). The Board granted The Logical Language Group, Inc.'s (Language Group) motion for summary judgement, holding that the Institute's mark, LOGLAN, is generic and ordered the registration cancelled. We affirm.

~~Via Usenet/UUCP/Internet~~, ~~you can send messages and text files~~

(~~including things for JL publication~~) ~~to la lojbangirz./Bob at:~~

~~lojbab@grebyn.com (This is a new address and supersedes~~ the ~~prior~~

~~"snark" address.)~~

~~You can also join~~ the ~~Lojban List mailing list~~ (~~currently around~~

~~80 subscribers~~). ~~Send a single line message~~ (~~automatically processed~~)

~~containing only:~~

~~"subscribe lojban yourfirstname yourlastname" to: listserv@cuvmb.~~

~~cc.columbia~~.~~edu~~

~~If you have problems needing human intervention~~, ~~send to: lojban-~~

~~list-request@snark~~.~~thyrsus.com~~

~~Send traffic~~ for the ~~mailing list to: lojban@cuvmb.cc.columbia.edu~~

~~Please keep us informed if your network mailing address changes.~~

~~Compuserve subscribers can also participate. Precede any of the~~

~~above addresses with INTERNET: and use your normal Compuserve mail~~

~~facility. If you want to participate on Lojban List~~, ~~you should be~~

~~prepared to read your mail at least every couple of days; otherwise~~

~~your mailbox fills up and you are dropped from the mailing-list.~~

~~FIDOnet subscribers can also participate~~, ~~although the connection~~ is

~~not especially robust. Write to us for details if you don't know how~~

~~to access~~ the ~~Internet network~~.

~~Whether you wish to participate in the news-group or not, it is~~

~~useful for us to know your Compuserve or Usenet/Internet address~~.

5

=== BACKGROUND ===

~~We've been requested to more rafsi - affix combining forms~~

~~explicitly identify people who are for the gismu;~~

~~referred to by initials in JL, and lujvo - compound words built~~

~~will regularly do so in this spot, from rafsi;~~

~~immediately before the news sec- le'avla - words borrowed from~~

~~tion. Note that 'Athelstan' is other languages;~~

~~that person's real name, used in brivla - Lojban predicate words,~~

~~his public life, and is not a consisting of gismu, lujvo. and~~

~~pseudonym. le'avla.~~

~~tanru - Lojban metaphors, the~~

~~'pc' - Dr. John Parks-Clifford, most productive and creative~~

~~Professor of Logic and Philosophy expression form of the language;~~

~~at the University of Missouri - sumti - the arguments of a~~

~~St. Louis and Vice-President of la logical predicate;~~

~~lojbangirz.; he is usually selbri - Lojban predicates which~~

~~addressed as 'pc' by the commu- indicate a relation among one or~~

~~nity. more sumti. A selbri is most~~

~~'Bob', 'lojbab' - Bob often a brivla or tanru; formerly~~

~~LeChevalier - President of la called "kunbri" in error;~~

~~lojbangirz., and editor of ju'i bridi - Lojban predications, the~~

~~lobypli and le lojbo karni. basic grammatical structure of the~~

~~'Nora' - Nora LeChevalier - language; a bridi expresses a~~

~~Secretary/Treasurer of la lojban- complete relationship: the selbri~~

~~girz., Bob's wife, author of expresses the relation and the~~

~~LogFlash. sumti express the various things~~

~~'JCB', 'Dr. Brown' - Dr. James being related;~~

~~Cooke Brown, inventor of the selma'o - grammatical categories~~

~~language, and founder of the of Lojban words; the basis of the~~

~~Loglan project. unambiguous formal grammar of the~~

~~'The Institute', 'TLI' - The language. Traditionally and~~

~~Loglan Institute, Inc., JCB's erroneously called "lexeme" in the~~

~~organization for spreading his Loglan community. These~~

~~version of Loglan, which we call categories typically have a name~~

~~'Institute Loglan'. derived from one word in that~~

~~'Loglan' - This refers to the grammatical category; the name is~~

~~generic language or language all capitals, except that an~~

~~project, of which 'Lojban' is the apostrophe is replaced by a small~~

~~most successful version, and letter 'h'.~~

~~'Institute Loglan' another.~~

~~'Loglan/Lojban' is used in News~~

~~discussions about Lojban where we~~

~~wish to make it particularly clear Subscriptions and Finances~~

~~that the statement applies to the~~

~~generic language as well. This may be your last issue of~~

~~'PLS' - The Planned Languages ju'i lobypli.~~

~~Server, a no-charge computer- We are converting JL to a sub-~~

~~network-accessed distribution scription basis. This is the last~~

~~center for materials on Lojban issue sent to those not explicitly~~

~~(and other artificial languages). requesting (and in most cases~~

~~paying for) a subscription.~~

~~Brief Glossary of Lojban Terms At this point some 65 people~~

~~have returned forms requesting a~~

~~Following are definitions of subscription. Perhaps half of~~

~~frequently used Lojban terms. these have sufficient balances to~~

~~More complete explanations of the cover their subscription price.~~

~~following are in the Overview of Our new special fund for~~

~~Lojban. 'scholarship subscriptions' will~~

~~cmavo - Lojban structure words not allow us to support more than~~

~~gismu - Lojban root words; a few people on a non-paying~~

~~currently 1337; basis, and these free~~

6

In 1955, Dr. James Brown invented a "logical language" which was designed to test the theory that natural languages limit human thought. It has been described by Dr. Brown as "symbolic logic made speakable" which "derives its word-stock impartially from the eight most widely spoken natural languages and so is culturally and politically neutral as well as suitable for cross-cultural linguistic experimentation." Dr. Brown coined the word "Loglan" (derived from logical language) to designate the new language. He first used the term Loglan in a publication in 1956; several years later, in 1962, he formed the Institute to promote the development and use of Loglan. On August 17,1987, the Institute applied for registration of Loglan as a mark for "Dictionaries and Grammars." The registration issued on April 12, 1988.

~~subscriptions will be reserved for deducting for JL16 (this issue)~~,

~~those who are actively working in your mailing label will have~~ a

~~the~~ language~~, but cannot pay number between~~ "~~JL 17~~" ~~and~~ "~~JL 20~~"

~~(mostly international supporters). on it indicating that your sub~~-

~~So here's where things stand: scription expires with~~ the

~~indicated issue. Your balance~~

~~- For US~~ and ~~Canadian subscribers, will be deducted at a rate of $10~~

~~the subscription price will be per issue (substantially above the~~

~~US$28 for 4 issues (hopefully 1 subscription price for US~~ and

~~year - but our commitment will be Canada recipients, less so for~~

~~for a number of issues rather than overseas recipients),~~ for ~~up to 4~~

~~a date, just in case). For those issues, until your balance drops~~

~~in other countries, the sub~~- ~~below $10, or until we receive a~~

~~scription price will be US$35 for form and/or other instructions~~

~~4 issues~~. ~~from you~~. ~~You will be given~~ the

~~lower-priced 4-issue subscription~~

~~- If you have not returned a rate when we receive your signed~~

~~subscription form, and have a subscription request form~~ (~~and~~

~~negative balance worse than $-10 preferably enough money~~ to ~~raise~~

~~after deducting for JL16 (this your balance above~~ the

~~issue), your mailing label will subscription minimum)~~. ~~If you~~

~~have~~ a ~~"JL 16" on it indicating cannot afford the subscription~~

~~that your 'subscription' expires amount~~, ~~you may request~~

~~with~~ the ~~current issue. We must scholarship assistance on~~ the

~~receive a signed subscription subscription form. You will~~

~~request form~~ and ~~enough money to receive highest priority after the~~

~~cover the subscription price AND most active volunteers to gain~~

~~at least 1/2~~ of ~~your negative such assistance to fill out your~~

~~balance~~. ~~If you cannot afford balance to a 4-issue subscription.~~

~~this amount~~, ~~you may request~~

~~scholarship assistance on~~ the ~~sub- - If you have returned a~~

~~scription form, but you will be subscription form and have more~~

~~lowest priority~~ for ~~such sub- than $10 in your balance after~~

~~scriptions unless you are~~ a ~~very deducting~~ for ~~JL16 (this issue),~~

~~active volunteer. Contributing your mailing label will have a~~

~~some of the amount required will number between "JL 17~~" and ~~"JL 20"~~

~~raise your priority considerably~~. ~~on it; your subscription expires~~

~~with the indicated issue. You~~

~~- If you have not returned a have either been given a full~~

~~subscription form, and have four-issue subscription (if there~~

~~between $-10 and $10 in your is enough in your balance to cover~~

~~balance after deducting for JL16 the price), or a partial-year sub-~~

~~(this issue), your mailing label scription prorated to your balance~~

~~will have a~~ "~~JL 16" on it amount ($7/issue for US/Canada).~~

~~indicating that your~~ The ~~subscription price has been~~

~~'subscription' expires with the deducted from your balance, and an~~

~~current issue. We must receive a "*"~~ on ~~the mailing label indicates~~

~~signed subscription request form that your subscription has been~~

~~and enough money to cover the paid. You need do nothing to~~

~~subscription price. If you cannot continue receiving JL; we will~~

~~afford this amount~~, ~~you may notify you by direct mail prior to~~

~~request scholarship assistance on your last subscription issue for~~

~~the subscription form. Con- renewal.~~

~~tributing some of the amount~~

~~required will raise your priority~~

~~considerably~~.

~~- If you have not returned~~ a

Apparently unhappy with the Institute's progress in developing the language, a member of the Institute left and in November 1988 founded the Language Group. In February 1989, the Language Group published a newsletter regarding the progress of its logical language. In the newsletter, several references were made to Loglan, prompting the Institute to threaten the Language Group with a trademark infringement suit.

~~subscription form,~~ and ~~have more~~

~~than $10~~ in ~~your balance after~~

7

On May 23, 1989, the Language Group petitioned the Board to cancel the Institute's registration of the mark Loglan, alleging that Loglan is merely a contraction of, or generic name for a logical language. The Language group also contended that the application for registration had been fraudulently made, or, if a trademark ever existed for Loglan, the mark had been abandoned. After both parties moved for summary judgment, the Board granted the Language Group's motion and ordered cancellation on the ground that Loglan is "a generic designation identifying a language rather than a trademark to indicate the source of goods." Additionally, the Board found that the application had not been fraudulently made and that the abandonment issue was moot. The Board refused to consider the affirmative defenses raised by the Institute, stating that some were not within the Board's jurisdiction and others were not good defenses against a charge of genericness. The Institute argues here that the Board erred in holding that Loglan was a generic term and in refusing to consider the affirmative defenses.

~~- If you have returned a "JL 17" since you have received no~~

~~subscription form and have less chance to send in a subscription~~

~~than $10 in your balance after request form until now. Your~~

~~deducting for JL16 (this issue)~~, ~~balance will be charged $10 for~~

~~and you sent at least $40 in JL17 if we have not received a~~

~~balance contributions between 1 form prior to that issue.~~

~~Dec. 1991 and 15 April 1992~~, ~~your~~

~~mailing label will have "JL 20" on - When you stop receiving JL~~

~~it. You have been given a full after~~ the ~~subscription expiration~~

~~four-issue subscription. The issue, you will automatically be~~

~~subscription price has been de- switched to a subscription~~ to the

~~ducted from your balance, and an newsletter le lojbo karni (LK -~~

~~"*" on the mailing label indicates subscription price~~ of ~~around $5~~

~~that your subscription has been per year). We expect to cull~~ the

~~paid. You need do nothing to LK mailing list after the next~~

~~continue receiving JL; we will fund-raising mailer~~, ~~dropping~~

~~notify you prior to your last those people with balances less~~

~~subscription issue for renewal. than $-30.~~

~~We haven't yet received enough~~

~~- If you have returned~~ a ~~subscription forms to justify~~

~~subscription form and have less applying~~ for a ~~2nd class postage~~

~~than $10 in your balance after (though we are close)~~. The

~~deducting~~ for ~~JL16 (this issue), highest subscription price has~~

~~and you have sent less than $40 in~~ been ~~selected because we'll have~~

~~balance contributions since 1 to pay 1st class/air mail postage~~

~~December 1991~~, ~~your mailing label rates for at least one issue~~, as

~~will have~~ a ~~number between "JL 17" well as at least $275 to obtain~~

~~and "JL 19" on it indicating that the 2nd class permit (about $4~~ for

~~your subscription expires with~~ the ~~each subscriber) that will allow~~

~~indicated issue. You~~ been ~~given a us to save postage costs there-~~

~~part-year subscription~~. ~~We have after.~~

~~deducted~~ the ~~cost of this issue~~

~~from your contribution (if any), Final financial results from~~

and ~~determined your prorated last year - Our 1991 income~~

~~subscription period based~~ on ~~1/2 totalled $14,462.59, with expenses~~

of the ~~remaining contribution (if of $14,746.31, for~~ a ~~net loss on~~

~~any), with~~ a ~~minimum~~ of ~~1 issue~~. the ~~year of about $300. Of~~ that

~~The amount of~~ the ~~subscription has amount $10,725.73 was donations~~

been ~~deducted from your balance, (around $6000 of this was from~~

and ~~an "*" on~~ the ~~mailing label Lojbab and Nora). In total, only~~

~~indicates that your subscription $3700~~ was ~~contributed toward bal-~~

~~has been paid~~. ~~You need do ances from over 850 people on our~~

~~nothing~~ to ~~continue receiving JL; mailing list. Only through our~~

~~we will notify you prior to your end-of-year fund-raiser did we~~

~~last subscription issue for even do this well. We received~~

~~renewal. However~~, ~~we ask~~ that ~~you $2500 during~~ the ~~last 20 days of~~

~~contribute to bring your balance December, much~~ of ~~it as a result~~

~~positive if possible~~. ~~of the fund-raising drive, re-~~

~~ducing us from a deficit of over~~

~~- If you have returned a $2000 for the year~~ that ~~might have~~

~~subscription form and asked for crippled us.~~

~~scholarship support for your At~~ the ~~end of 1991, we owed~~

~~subscription: we have not yet about $5800~~ in ~~legal fees on the~~

~~decided who will get such support, trademark battle, which we're~~

~~but given the above policy, you repaying at $500 per month. This~~

~~will at least receive JL17. is taking every penny~~ that ~~Lojbab,~~

~~Nora~~ and ~~Jeff Prothero, who are~~

~~- If you are an overseas financing~~ the ~~legal fees, can con-~~

~~recipient of JL, then you are tribute~~. ~~We must count on the~~

~~slated to receive at least through~~

8

=== DISCUSSION ===

~~rest of you to keep the orga- Status this year - So far in~~

~~nization going financially. 1992, we're losing money. Up to~~

~~now, against some $2500 in income,~~

~~we've spent around $2800; JL16 and~~

~~LK16 will cost another $1200, and~~

~~we have over $1500 precommitted~~

~~towards future JL subscriptions.~~

~~Thus, we expect to need another~~

~~fund-raising drive within a couple~~

~~of months. I hope to tie such a~~

~~fund-raiser to the announcement of~~

~~the first Lojban book. But please~~

~~don't wait until then. Contribute~~

~~now! We don't know yet how we~~

~~will finance book publication,~~

~~which will cost several thousand~~

~~dollars.~~

~~Our Numbers - Support for Lojban~~

~~continues to grow at an~~

~~outstanding rate; we lose few~~

~~people (mostly people who move and~~

~~forget to tell us their new~~

~~address), while averaging 1 new~~

~~person every 2-3 days for the last~~

~~year.~~

~~Following are our numbers by~~

~~level of interest and sub-~~

~~scription, as of this publication~~

~~(numbers in parentheses include~~

~~multiple persons per address):~~

~~Level E - Practitioner (people~~

~~who have actually produced Lojban~~

~~text, are actively working with~~

~~the language, and receiving~~

~~materials from us) - 13 (17)~~

~~Level D - Lojban Student - 95~~

~~(113)~~

~~Level C - Active Observer - 139~~

~~(149)~~

~~Level B - Inactive Observer -~~

~~627 (663)~~

~~JL16 subscribers - 241 (272)~~

~~JL17 subscribers - 114 (130)~~

~~JL subscription request returned~~

~~- 66 (72)~~

~~Prepaid beyond JL17 - 55 (61)~~

~~LK subscribers~~

~~Total active mailing list 897~~

~~(965)~~

~~Athelstan Injured~~

~~Our efforts on Lojban here in~~

~~the Washington DC area were dealt~~

~~a severe blow at the end of~~

~~February. Athelstan, one of la~~

~~lojbangirz.'s Directors, received~~

~~a head injury in an auto accident,~~

~~causing severe brain damage. He~~

9

==== A. Summary Judgment ====

~~was in a coma for over 2 weeks, Given my close friendship with~~

~~but has made good progress since. Athelstan, I have had to undertake~~

~~Early in April, he was transferred commitments in helping his family~~

~~to a rehabilitation hospital, and other friends support his~~

~~where he is slowly regaining recovery; this has taken a fair~~

~~memory and living skills; he is amount of time away from Lojban,~~

~~expected to remain in the hospital though I now seem to be back in~~

~~until at least mid-July. control of my schedule. Indeed,~~

~~Regaining his full abilities is the incentive of knowing how~~

~~uncertain, and doing so will take fragile our effort is while so few~~

~~many more months, if not years. of us know the details of the~~

~~Athelstan was one of the most language seems to have remotivated~~

~~skilled of Lojbanists, and a major me to get the community of~~

~~participant in our weekly Lojbanists who are expert in the~~

~~conversation sessions here in the language up to a self-sustaining~~

~~DC area. We have had to change level. Even amidst tragedy, there~~

~~from conversation sessions to can be growth and progress.~~

~~teaching, reading, and transla-~~

~~tions sessions; the 3 remaining Language Education~~

~~conversation-skilled people (Nora,~~

~~Lojbab, and Sylvia Rutiser) are DC Class - Even before~~

~~not enough 'critical mass' to keep Athelstan's accident, we needed to~~

~~conversations lively and build up the activity of the local~~

~~interesting. Lojban community. Now, local~~

~~We've also lost Athelstan's teaching activities are even more~~

~~contribution to the endless work vital. As such, starting in June,~~

~~that is being done around here. we'll be trying to organize a new~~

~~Athelstan had written up his oft- Lojban class here in the~~

~~taught mini-lesson in text form, Washington DC area. The class~~

~~and was in the middle of revising will probably meet in Fairfax VA~~

~~it for publication when the (although a Rockville MD location~~

~~accident occurred. I may be able is also being considered), on a~~

~~to finish it, but not quickly - weekly basis starting near the end~~

~~too much else to do. Athelstan of June and last throughout the~~

~~was also one of the principal summer.~~ A ~~principal goal will be~~

~~reviewers of ju'i lobypli and to raise the students' skill level~~

~~other la lojbangirz. publications so that they can confidently~~

~~that I and others write; we can participate in in-language~~

~~only hope that the quality of our activities in the August LogFest,~~

~~products is sustained without his and be able to continue in Lojban~~

~~excellent efforts at catching conversation sessions or~~

~~typos and more serious technical translation activities after the~~

~~errors. class ends.~~

~~The good news is that it appears Needless to say, if you will be~~

~~that the damage has not destroyed in the DC area this summer, and~~

~~Athelstan's capacity for language, are interested in participating in~~

~~nor his interest in Lojban. In such a class, please contact me at~~

~~mid-April, he responded to my the masthead address or telephone,~~

~~"coi. .atlstan." with a hearty or via electronic mail per page 2.~~

~~"coi." in return. At the end of~~

~~our otherwise English-language Other education efforts - Most~~

~~visit, I asked him if he remem- of our education efforts in the~~

~~bered how to say goodbye; with last several months have been~~

~~only minimal hesitation, he came through electronic mail on the~~

~~back with a confident "co'o." computer networks~~. ~~I've been able~~

~~to delegate much of this teaching~~

~~effort out to other Lojbanists who~~

~~are active on Lojban List, and the~~

~~numbers and competency of those~~

~~attempting to write on Lojban List~~

10

The requirements for granting summary judgment in a trademark cancellation proceeding are the same as in any other case, viz., that there be no genuine issue of material fact and the movant be entitled to judgment as a matter of law. [*]. We review the propriety of summary judgment de novo. [*]

~~has continued to grow with each Electronic Distribution~~

~~passing month.~~

~~The network has also served as a What is available and how -~~ The

~~testing ground~~ for ~~new teaching electronic distribution policy~~

~~materials. Athelstan's draft text announced last issue has been~~

~~version of his mini-lesson (see implemented, more-or-less. We~~

~~below) was tried out by about 2 have been unable to place JL and~~

~~dozen people who returned comments LK back-issues and~~ a ~~few other~~

~~and answers to exercises. These longer materials on the Planned~~

~~will be lead to a significantly Languages Server - our primary~~

~~revised and improved version for electronic distribution point. We~~

~~publication. have also been unable to implement~~

~~Similarly, a draft of the the file verification program that~~

~~Diagrammed Examples paper enclosed we intended because of~~

~~with this issue has been incompatibilities between computer~~

~~extensively distributed on~~ the ~~systems that causes such~~

~~networks (~~as ~~well as to many new techniques to fail.~~

~~mail order Lojbanists) during the In spite of this~~, ~~there is now a~~

~~last 6 months~~. ~~French-Australian lot of material available~~

~~linguist Jacques Guy finally electronically~~, ~~including most of~~

~~culminated this review with some the now public domain language~~

~~enormously detailed comments, definition materials like word~~

~~leading to the major revision and lists and formal grammars. I've~~

~~expansion included with this been told~~ that ~~some~~ of ~~this~~

~~issue.~~ material ~~has been transferred to~~

~~Even before this final version, Compuserve,~~ and ~~I'm hoping that~~

the ~~Diagrammed Examples, with more will~~ be ~~moved to that~~

~~explanatory text, has proved in network, as well as to Genie and~~

~~recent months to be the most other public computer networks.~~

~~significant learning aid to new (Let us know if you do so, and~~

~~Lojbanists actually attempting to what stuff you are posting where,~~

~~learn to use the language. so we can report accurately~~ to ~~the~~

~~Several Lojbanists used only this community~~ as ~~to what is avail-~~

~~paper and word lists (that were able).~~

~~generally obtained by electronic Following is a list of all~~

~~distribution per the next sec- materials (and their filenames)~~

~~tion), to self-teach themselves to available on the Planned Languages~~

~~the level of being able to Server as of this publication~~

~~translate Lojban text written by date, and instructions for~~

~~more experienced Lojbanists. obtaining them from the Server.~~

~~Then, with~~ a ~~few such efforts to __________________________________~~

~~give them experience, we have seen _____________~~

~~these Lojbanists start to write in~~

~~Lojban, making relatively few and This is an updated version~~ of

~~minor errors given the lack of a the file posted to the PLS~~

~~full teaching text~~. ~~(Those who entitled "readme" which includes~~

~~have study the draft textbook an annotated and categorized index~~

~~and/or used LogFlash have done to all files on the list~~.

~~still better, but~~ the ~~effec- Following the "readme" file is~~

~~tiveness~~ of ~~this relatively brief an abbreviated set of instructions~~

~~description has astounded several for obtaining files from the~~

~~of us to the point of motivating server. Send the one line message~~

~~this new version~~.~~) 'help' to:~~

~~langserv@hebrew~~.cc.~~columbia~~.~~edu~~

The parties agree that the factual issues underlying genericness are undisputed. Though genericness itself has been categorized as a question of fact [*], the parties have each moved for summary judgment on that question. The Board considered the lengthy affidavits and numerous exhibits each party submitted in support of its motion, and concluded that Loglan was generic. Our review requires us to determine whether, based on the evidence of record, the Board was correct in that conclusion. After examining the record, we do not believe the Board erred in concluding that the Language Group was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

~~to get the full help listing~~.

==== B. Genericness ====

~~While you can put multiple re-~~

~~quests in a file, my experience~~

~~has been that if there is any~~

11

The Lanham Act provides for the cancellation of a mark which is or has become the generic name for goods or services [*]. While a trademark registration has a presumption of validity, in a cancellation proceeding that presumption may be rebutted by evidence from the party seeking cancellation [*]. Before the Board, the Language Group presented numerous pieces of evidence to show that Loglan is used generically to designate a logical language.

~~error on any command,~~ the ~~entire the network is not free. la~~

~~set is disregarded. I would lojbangirz. spent some $2000~~

~~therefore suggest getting 1 file during 1991 on network access,~~

at a ~~time until you are sure what supporting Lojban List, this~~

~~you are doing. archive, and responding to people~~

~~"gismu.lst"~~ is the ~~official, like you~~. ~~We do not make~~ a ~~profit~~

~~public domain baseline that many on our printed materials, so it is~~

~~Lojbanists already possess in your donations that will allow us~~

~~printed form. It~~ has ~~40-character to continue to serve the network~~

~~definitions of the Lojban gismu, community of Lojbanists and people~~

~~and has been relatively unchanged curious about Lojban.~~

~~for~~ a ~~few years now. Only minor The files listed following are~~

~~corrections have been put into the the official postings~~ of ~~The~~

~~posted file~~, ~~and the 20 new words Logical Language Group, Inc. on~~

~~adopted last year were never this server. All other postings~~

~~added. should be considered unsanctioned,~~

~~"logdata.raw" is a preliminary and possibly incorrect.~~

~~version of the new gismu list Language design materials are~~

~~baseline. I intend the new explicitly listed here and~~ in ~~the~~

~~baseline to take effect shortly documents themselves as being in~~

~~after the publication of JL16, the public domain. All other~~

~~hopefully within~~ a ~~month. I would documents are copyrighted under~~

~~recommend using the current the same heading listed above for~~

~~"logdata.raw" file, and ignoring this document.~~

~~the "gismu.lst" file, UNLESS it is Note on file names. All file~~

~~vital to you to~~ be ~~using a public names ending with ".unf" may~~

~~domain version. We won't object contain lines up to about 120~~

~~to any copying of the still characters long. Original~~

~~copyrighted draft as long as the documents published~~ by la

~~copyright notice and~~ the ~~notice lojbangirz~~. ~~are formatted using~~

~~that it is a draft stays intact longer than 80 character lines,~~

~~with~~ the ~~file. To all intents and and this wider line-length was de-~~

~~purposes~~, the ~~old 40-character termined to give a more readable~~

~~file is obsolete. I would rec- text when that formatting was~~

~~ommend that any new text be removed. File names ending with~~

~~written using the "logdata.raw" ".txt" are generally under 80~~

~~place structures. (All text in characters in width. Other file~~

~~this issue probably presumes this name extensions have no~~

~~newer version.) implication.~~

~~Questions on any file? Contact Many files are compressed using~~

~~Bob LeChevalier at the masthead a rather simplistic program that~~

~~address or via: tabifies every 8 characters~~

~~INCLUDING A SINGLE SPACE IN A 0~~

~~lojbab@grebyn.com MOD 8 POSITION. We have since~~

~~learned that some tab expanders~~

~~See the file "epolicy.txt" for a will take a TAB in a 0 mod 8~~

~~more complete explanation~~ of ~~la position and expand it~~ to ~~9 spaces~~

~~lojbangirz. electronic instead of 1. This could cause you~~

~~distribution policy. We ask~~ that ~~problems, which hopefully this no-~~

~~users of these files consider tice will help you correct if it~~

~~donating money for the support of affects you. We consider this a~~

~~The Logical Language Group, Inc. failed experiment: when we next~~

~~We are a 501(c)(3) non-profit send data~~ to ~~PLS for uploading we~~

~~organization and such donations will send files without the tab~~

~~are tax-deductible in the US, to compression, but this may be a few~~

~~the extent they exceed the price months.~~

~~of things we send you. While it The PLS has very limited disk~~

~~costs us little for you to get~~ a ~~space~~. ~~la lojbangirz. has con-~~

~~copy of the files on this archive, vinced Mark and Jerry to post much~~

12

The parties do not dispute that if Loglan is used generically to designate a language, the term cannot properly be registered as a trademark for "dictionaries and grammars" any more than English can be registered for a dictionary. That Loglan is not as well known as English is immaterial. Because a language is not "goods" or "services" under the Act [*], a name originated for a new language is inherently not registrable for the language. By the same token, a generic name of a language alone cannot function as a trademark to indicate origin of a dictionary describing that language. Thus, our determination hinges on whether the Board was correct in concluding that the term Loglan is, "a generic designation identifying a language."

~~of the material we sent them, but pronounc.unf 9718 10-14-91~~

~~they~~ do not ~~have room~~ for ~~all of Pronunciation guide. Public~~

~~it. In particular, back issues of domain.~~

JL and ~~LK, and~~ a ~~LOT of Lojban gismu~~.~~lst 88717 01-09-92~~

~~text could~~ not ~~be posted. I want Baselined gismu list~~. ~~Public~~

~~to see some or all of this mate- domain. Expected to be~~

~~rial available, if only on~~ a ~~superseded soon by a modified~~

~~limited time basis. Therefore, in version of~~ "~~logdata.raw~~"~~, which~~

~~about 3 months, I will be asking will the be renamed~~ "~~gismu.lst~~"

~~Mark and Jerry to tell me~~ the ~~logdata.raw 115603 01-09-92~~

~~rates of access~~ for ~~Lojban Lojban gismu (root word) draft~~

~~directory files. Seldom accessed update >80 characters wide~~

~~files may be deleted to allow us roget.lst 40612 10-14-91~~

~~to make room~~ for ~~new stuff, as gismu sorted by Roget category~~.

~~listed at~~ the ~~end of this doc- Draft.~~

~~ument. So please don't delay too logdata3.cma 88312 10-14-91~~

~~long if you want to get~~ a ~~copy~~ of ~~Lojban cmavo (structure word)~~

a ~~file listed here. list. Public domain. cmavo~~

~~order >80 characters wide~~

~~File Name Bytes Date logdata3.lex 88312 10-14-91~~

~~Description Lojban cmavo (structure word)~~

~~list. Public domain. selma'o~~

~~Control documents (grammar category) order >80~~

~~characters wide~~

~~readme 7668 01-09-92 lehavla.alg 2326 10-14-91~~

~~A version of this index. Draft proposal for borrowing~~

~~epolicy.txt 2912 10-09-91 words.~~

~~The la lojbangirz. Electronic~~

~~Distribution Policy Introductory Materials in~~

~~orderfrm.unf 9497 10-14-91 Suggested Order~~

~~Current la lojbangirz. Product~~

~~List & Order Form; Include Paper loglan.txt 8598 10-14-91~~

~~Postal Address on any order, Introduction and history for~~

~~please. those familiar with other Loglan~~

~~versions~~

~~Language Design Materials and brochure.eng 62820 10-14-91~~

~~Drafts Basic Lojban Brochure -~~

~~formatted for electronic dis-~~

~~grammar.28 64552 10-11-91 tribution~~

~~Baselined Lojban Grammar - YACC postbroc.txt 28312 10-14-91~~

~~version; Public Domain. Without An edited version of~~

~~explanatory text included in brochure.eng abbreviated so~~ as

~~printed versions.~~ to ~~be more suitable for~~

~~bnf.28 7872 10-11-91 electronic transmission.~~

~~EBNF form~~ of ~~the Baselined minilsne.txt 30917 10-16-91~~

~~Lojban Grammar. Not verified. Draft introductory Draft Lojban~~

~~Public domain. mini-lesson. Return answers to~~

~~la lojbangirz. for correction.~~

~~overview.unf 63143 10-14-91~~

~~Overview of the~~ language ~~and~~

~~intro~~. ~~to specialized ter-~~

~~minology~~

~~diagexam.unf 10851 10-09-91~~

~~Diagrammed Examples of Lojban~~

~~Text (the original version of~~

the ~~one~~ in ~~JL16 -~~ the ~~new~~

~~version will replace this file~~

~~shortly~~, ~~and is~~ a ~~much longer~~

~~file)~~

13

The Institute argues that the relevant public does not perceive Loglan as generic, but rather sees it as indicating a single source of the language. The public's perception is the primary consideration in a determination of genericness [*].

~~Teaching Materials and Detailed unpublished draft review -~~

~~Discussion Loglan 1~~

~~useoldl1.txt 15233 10-14-91 ----------------------------------~~

~~How to use 1975 Loglan 1 to --------------~~

~~study Lojban (partially correct~~ The ~~following unofficial files~~

~~for 1989 version) are known to be in~~ the ~~lojban~~

~~newrafsi.unf 77773 10-14-91 directory of the Planned~~

~~List of Lojban rafsi (combining Languages Server:~~

~~forms) and how to make compounds~~

~~(lujvo). brochure.french 49403 05-~~

~~negation.unf 127903 10-14-91 11-90~~

~~Negation in Lojban. Many A French translation of a~~

~~examples. somewhat earlier version of the~~

~~scrabble.unf 6098 10-14-91 Lojban brochure.~~

~~Suggested game rules based on Description 2334 01-09-92~~

~~Lojban letter frequencies The official PLS description~~

~~file of all files in the Lojban~~

~~Why Lojban? directory. Not~~ as ~~detailed or~~

as ~~accurate as this file.~~

~~whylojb.txt 198651 10-14-91 elecread.me 815 06-24-91~~

~~General discussion on 'Why An obsolete version~~ of ~~this file~~

~~Lojban?' extracted from ju'i that should soon be deleted~~

~~lobypli, Includes JCB on Sapir Index 1280 01-03-92~~

~~Whorf. Many contributors. The file list you get in~~

~~mactrans.txt 12681 10-14-91 response to~~ the ~~command "index~~

~~Lojban and machine translation lojban"~~

~~by Patrick Juola lojbroch.e-o.tex 69755 09-~~

~~moody~~.~~txt 18972 10-14-91 12-91~~

~~Lojban and other planned~~ The ~~draft Esperanto translation~~

~~languages by Todd Moody of the Lojban brochure in~~

~~lojb_esp.txt 180734 10-14-91 brochure.eng Comments and~~

~~Lojban and Esperanto - JL suggestions welcome.~~

~~discussions including comments metflidjimao-vedsia 23871 12-~~

~~from Donald Harlow and Lojban's 19-90~~

~~'Answer' to the '16 Rules' welding-shop 27415 12-19-90~~

~~lojling.txt 18942 10-14-91 Jim Carter's 1984 Loglan short~~

~~Lojban~~'s ~~relevance to story and English translation -~~

~~linguistics and linguistics re- not Lojban compatible nor~~

~~search consistent with the current TLI~~

~~reply.txt 38747 10-14-91 language, it~~ is ~~still one of~~ the

~~1991 Reply to Arnold Zwicky's longest Loglan texts written~~

~~1969 "Language" Review of Loglan originally in Loglan rather than~~

1 in ~~translation.~~

~~netdisc.txt 178912 10-14-91~~

~~Extracted Network Discussions of Forthcoming Material we hope to~~

~~Lojban and Sapir-Whorf - mostly post this year~~

~~8-9/90~~

~~- 6 Draft Textbook Lessons -~~

~~Lojban Text updated to 1992 language~~

~~- New Draft Textbook Lesson 1~~

~~lordpray.unf 7781 10-14-91 - Esperanto Translation of~~

~~Lojban Paternoster, updated to Lojban Brochure - Official Re-~~

~~current language. A prosaic lease (the unofficial~~

~~version. "lojbroch.e-o.tex" above is~~ a

~~draft version of this release)~~

~~Other materials - Glossary~~ of ~~Lojban/linguistic~~

~~terminology~~

~~l1longrv~~.~~txt 70543 6-08-91 - Lojban and Sapir-Whorf~~

~~Bibliography~~

14

The Institute concedes that the relevant public is "the small group of persons who have written about the language or have been involved in the invented language research effort as well as those to whom the Loglan language has been or is being marketed." The Institute's definition of "relevant public" is consistent with this court's reading of the term as encompassing both "actual [and] potential purchasers of ... goods or services." [*]. Evidence of what the relevant public understands the term to mean may come from direct consumer testimony, surveys, dictionary listings, newspapers, and other publication [*]. Although in many situation a survey is desirable to establish the public's perception, given the limited size of the relevant group here, the numerous examples submitted by the parties are sufficient to determine how the relevant group perceives the term Loglan.

~~- Lojban and Prolog "Path" is used to override the~~

~~demonstration example from JL16 mail path~~ that the ~~archive server~~

~~- Lojban gismu etymologies chooses from~~ the ~~header~~ of ~~your~~

~~- Rebaselined gismu list mail message. You should use this~~

~~- Revisions to the Lojban mini- whenever you know that the return~~

~~lesson address of your message will not~~

~~- the JL16 version of the be useful to the archive server.~~

~~Diagrammed Summary of Lojban The archive server only knows~~

~~- Synopsis of Lojban~~ about ~~domain style address.~~

~~Orthography, Phonology, Morphol-~~

~~ogy - updated to 1992 e.g. path~~

~~- tense paper - introduction to jbaltz@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu~~

~~Lojban tense structures~~

~~- attitudinal paper - updated send <archive> <file..>~~

~~to 1992~~

~~- logical connectives paper - "Send" mails to you~~ the ~~files in~~

~~introduction to logical and non- the specified archive. All of the~~

~~logical connectives files that you request will be~~

~~- MEX paper - Lojban expression sent to you archived together~~

~~of mathematical text possibly encoded and split up into~~

~~- lerfu paper - expressing messages that are small enough to~~

~~alphabets and special symbols in be mailed. You may~~ have ~~as many~~

~~Lojban "sends"~~ in the ~~body of your mail~~

~~- (papers are planned to cover message~~ as ~~you wish.~~

~~other aspects of the Lojban~~

~~grammar and will also be posted e.g. send lojban logdata.raw~~

as ~~available)~~

~~- All published Lojban text; By default, files that are~~

~~Not updated~~ to ~~current~~ language. ~~mailable are simply stuck together~~

~~Mostly translated & with with the text~~ "~~cut here" between~~

~~commentary. Probably with some files and; non-mailable files are~~

~~kind~~ of ~~difficulty and quality archived via Unix~~ "~~tar~~"~~. Non-~~

~~grading to help you choose mailable files must be converted~~

~~appropriate materials. to something mailable. By default~~

~~this~~ is ~~done~~ with "~~uuencode".~~

~~Abbreviated instructions for the Some large or long-lined Lojban~~

~~PLS server files may be considered non-~~

~~mailable,~~ and ~~you will need to run~~

~~To make the archive server do the companion program "uudecode"~~

~~something you should send an which will decode a message that~~

~~electronic mail message to: was encrypted using "uuencode"~~.

~~This is a standard Unix command;~~

~~langserv@hebrew~~.cc.~~columbia~~.~~edu Unix users should see your system~~

~~administrator if you don't know~~

~~Use a null subject line. The how to do this~~. ~~On MS-DOS~~

~~body~~ of the ~~message should consist machines~~, ~~there are a variety of~~

~~of one command per line. The case utility versions of the decoding~~

~~of the text does not matter. tool; we have no information about~~

~~Note~~, ~~however~~, ~~that the server~~ other ~~computer system versions~~.

~~runs on~~ a ~~UNIX system, and thus,~~

~~for filenames,~~ the ~~case DOES Logfest 92~~

~~matter, so be sure the files you~~

~~request are properly capitalized. Because of Athelstan~~'s ~~injury~~

~~and other schedule problems~~, we

~~You can find out what files are have delayed LogFest 92, la~~

~~available with~~ the ~~command "index lojbangirz.'s annual meeting and~~

~~lojban". gathering~~ of ~~Lojbanists until~~

~~August. The planned date for this~~

~~path <mail-path> gathering~~ here ~~in Fairfax VA~~, is

~~August 14-17, 1992~~. ~~If you're~~

15

The evidence indicates the Dr. Brown himself has used the term Loglan only in a generic sense. For example, in 1984, Brown stated to the Institute's membership:

~~interested in coming, and espe- started, will eventually amount to~~

~~cially if you will be travelling a complete and detailed~~

~~from out-of-town, please let us description of the language.~~

~~know. As usual, we can People have been justifiably~~

~~accommodate several out-of-town frustrated by the continuing delay~~

~~visitors as sleeping-bag guests in textbook and dictionary~~

~~here at Bob and Nora's house. You publication. However, this state~~

~~can get here via subway from all should not stop most people from~~

~~major transportation services into being able to learn and use~~

~~Washington DC, and you're unlikely Lojban. Indeed, with the possible~~

~~to need a rental car. Thus, it's exception of Esperanto (and only~~

~~a cheap weekend of Lojban fun - we then because so much has been~~

~~ask only that attendees donate written about it in 100 years), it~~

~~around $25-$40 or whatever to can safely be said that Lojban is~~

~~cover food costs for the weekend. by far the most thoroughly defined~~

~~Originally, LogFest was planned artificial language that has ever~~

~~for the last weekend in June (June existed. And we continue to~~

~~26-28, 1992). Because some people refine that definition - not so~~

~~already made plans to come in from much because people need such~~

~~out-of-town, we will dedicate that details to learn the language, but~~

~~weekend to Lojban activities as because linguists and computer re-~~

~~well, and others are invited to searchers seeking to use Lojban~~

~~come, too, making in effect a for applications need as much~~

~~second LogFest this summer. This detail as possible to plan re-~~

~~first gathering in June will be search activities.~~

~~informal; since there will be no~~ The ~~final development activities~~

~~formal meeting, there should be of significance are those that are~~

~~plenty of time for a variety of tied to preparation of~~ the ~~first~~

~~Lojban activities, especially Lojban book, which is a proto-~~

~~activities for new people who want dictionary and reference book~~.

~~to get started in learning the Preparing this book~~ has ~~required a~~

~~language. Let us know if you are complete and detailed review of~~

~~planning to come, so we can make~~ the ~~gismu list place structures,~~

~~plans. trying to make them as clear and~~

~~detailed as possible, given~~

~~Language Development Status limited space. There also were~~

~~some place structure changes~~

~~The language has been quite needed as a result of the 'sumti-~~

~~stable~~ in ~~the last several months. raising' change discussed last~~

~~With the breakup of the USSR, we issue, and also as~~ a ~~result of~~

~~have added cultural gismu for other design decisions made over~~

~~"Ukrainian" and "Slavic"~~. ~~There the last few years. We also~~

~~have been a few cmavo additions~~, ~~wanted to add in multiple English~~

~~and one or two deletions~~ in ~~synonyms where applicable, so that~~

~~connection with work by John Cowan the English side of the resulting~~

~~on papers describing the Lojban dictionary will no longer be~~

~~tense system~~, ~~mathematical limited~~ to ~~the sometimes-~~

~~language, and representation of inaccurate unique English keywords~~

~~foreign alphabets. that the gismu list currently is~~

~~Far more significant has been based on. In a few cases, actual~~

~~those papers themselves, which usage has pointed up a need for~~

~~have greatly refined~~ the ~~change, either because the place~~

~~specificity of the language structure was too vaguely defined~~

~~definition in three areas that for use, or because the sumti~~

~~have not been much used by people values that were required for some~~

~~trying to use Lojban. John is place structure places were too~~

~~continuing to work on papers, difficult to specify for~~ '~~real'~~

~~which, added to (updated versions language use. As a result, there~~

~~of) the negation and attitudinal are a lot of little changes to the~~

~~papers that were done before he working draft versions of the~~

16

~~gismu list. The final draft is Weekend Meeting~~

I'm insisting on moving in the right direction for Loglan whether this means losing control of the institute I founded or not... Your can always write me if you still want to talk to me about Loglan, or to help me in putting it to use. As a private person I shall always be available to my old Loglandian friends... Loglan may not suffer very much... Health permitting I'll still write those couple of books. Perhaps with my example others will too.

~~expected to go out~~ for ~~review~~

</blockquote>

~~within a couple of weeks after We finally knew for sure that~~

this ~~issue is mailed (over 1100~~ of the ~~design of the language was~~

~~the 1400 Lojban entries were solidified after an all-weekend~~

~~completed and verified at this meeting that took place January~~

~~writing)~~. ~~After a few weeks for 18-20, 1992~~. ~~John Cowan came~~ to

~~that review~~, ~~the first book will town, and several of us met,~~

be ~~assembled and published~~. ~~settling nearly all open design~~

~~questions~~. ~~Following is a more~~

~~thorough report on that meeting,~~

~~what happened, and what design~~

~~decisions took place~~. ~~Attendees~~

~~included Bob LeChevalier (lojbab),~~

~~John Cowan, Nora LeChevalier,~~

~~Athelstan, and Sylvia Rutiser,~~

~~with pc joining in by phone a~~

couple of ~~times~~.

~~The original agenda included:~~

His encouragement for others to write Loglan books or books in Loglan negates the claim now asserted of proprietary rights in Loglan.

~~- A 2nd review of papers on the~~

~~Lojban tense system and MEX~~

~~(mathematical expressions)~~

~~system, with the intent of~~

~~having them ready, if possible,~~

for ~~publication with JL16.~~

~~- Nora and John have been working~~

~~on a formal statement of the~~

~~Lojban morphology algorithm, and~~

~~some issues needed resolution~~

~~and decision.~~

~~- Deciding on all open cmavo~~

~~questions, to allow a baseline~~

~~of that list.~~

~~- Reviewing all open comments on~~

~~the place structures and~~

~~definitions of gismu~~

~~- Review of the progress in~~

~~switching JL over to a subscrip-~~

~~tion basis and the current fund-~~

~~raising drive~~

~~- Preliminary decisions on book~~

~~publishing~~

~~- Determining a policy on efforts~~

~~by Dave Cortesi, Bob Chassell,~~

~~and~~ others to ~~put together~~

~~Lojban reference~~ books.

~~- Including John~~ in ~~a Lojban~~

~~conversation session (he has~~

~~never before been able to~~

~~participate~~ in ~~one, since no one~~

~~else in the NYC area seems to be~~

~~actively studying)~~.

~~John arrived late Friday night~~,

Also, the Institute published a book, entitled "Loglan (1): A Logical Language." Included in the 1989 version is the statement

~~and we started~~ the ~~weekend right~~

~~by talking till 4 AM~~. ~~Athelstan~~

~~arrived about 2 AM to join~~ the

~~party. Most of Saturday was spent~~

~~socializing and discussing~~

17

~~business matters~~, and ~~various would be allowed under the new~~

In my English idiolect, as in Loglan and French, words like "loglanist", "loglandic" and "loglandical" are general terms like "cat" and "dog" (i.e., common nouns or adjectives) and therefore uncapitalized, whereas words like "Loglan" and "Loglandia" are singular terms (words with single designata, like "John" or "Greenland") and therefore capitalized. Both Loglan and French are more fastidious about such logical matters than Standard English.

~~minor issues~~, and ~~reviewing the grammar. Because we want people~~

</blockquote>

~~tense paper. Saturday night, we to stick with the current~~

~~again quit late, around 5 AM this baseline, we~~ are ~~not going to~~

~~time, with everyone rising in time distribute or talk much more about~~

~~to be fully awake for the Lojban the next one until it is ready for~~

~~conversation session. That ended adoption~~ (~~at the time of~~

~~up starting late, but the 5 of us publication of the first book),~~

~~participated in fairly lively but people who have an early need~~

~~discussion for about 2 hours~~. ~~for the information can request~~

~~John had no real trouble following it~~. ~~I will summarize the changes~~

~~what was said~~, ~~and throwing his in store so people know what is~~

~~own comments in. We then talked going on:~~

~~in English for about an hour until~~

~~Sylvia and Athelstan had to leave. 1~~) ~~correction of a precedence~~

~~After dinner, we started on error, so that EK+KE~~ and ~~GIhEK+KE~~

~~place structures~~, and ~~kept going bind more tightly than other~~

~~until 5 AM again. We resumed connective structures;~~

~~around 11 AM, and kept cranking 2) adding JEK+BO to parallel BO~~

~~till 5 AM Tues. morning. connective structures for other~~

~~Athelstan was there for all of logical connectives;~~

~~Monday's discussions, Nora lasted 3) permitting free modifiers in~~

~~until 10:30 PM, since she had to several new places;~~

~~work on Tuesday. There was a long 4) adding selma'o ZEI to support a~~

~~conversation~~ with ~~pc in the morphology algorithm change (see~~

~~afternoon to resolve issues that below);~~

~~he needed a voice/vote in. Monday 5) permitting "GEK sentence GI~~

~~evening~~, ~~we took a break from the observative~~";

~~x1's and x2's of place structures 6) in the current baseline gram-~~

~~to work on the x's and y's of MEX. mar, it is impossible to use a~~

~~On Tuesday,~~ John ~~and I woke PA+MAI free-modifier after a~~

~~around 11 AM, and kept talking number even though it is~~

~~till I dropped him at the bus apparently grammatically legal:~~

~~station around 1 PM. Whew! the number will absorb the added~~

~~Everything accomplished. PA values because there is no~~

~~Now here is the summary of implicit~~ "~~BOI~~" ~~at the end of these~~

~~effects: numbers. The problem was fixed by~~

~~reworking the rules specifying how~~

~~Grammar free modifiers attach to numbers~~

~~so that BOI can be added to~~

~~The grammar is of course separate them.~~

~~baselined and frozen until we make 7~~) ~~after long analysis, the~~

~~updates~~ and ~~republish it in the relative-modifier logical connec-~~

~~Lojban books~~. ~~Because we want the tive selma'o ZIhE was determined~~

~~books to reflect the grammar after not to be especially useful as a~~

~~the books are done, we do our logical connective,~~ and ~~the group~~

~~writing based on that next revi- has been stripped down to the~~

~~sion of the grammar. There~~ are ~~single word "zi'e", which now sim-~~

~~now 15 minor changes planned for ply indicates the attachment of~~

~~that revision, all but 4 being multiple relative modifiers to a~~

~~extensions to the language. When single sumti. The multiple~~

~~we write and publish materials in~~ logical ~~connective grammar rules~~

~~JL, they should be in accordance that were present for ZIhE were~~

~~with the current baseline~~. ~~Next- stripped down to a single rule~~

~~baseline grammar changes will only supporting simple connection;~~

~~be used in the unlikely 8) allowing I+BO-initial sentences~~

~~circumstance that something needs at the beginning of text;~~

~~to be phrased using a construct 9) allowing NAI at the beginning~~

~~that is now illegal, but which of text;~~

18

As he stated, Loglan is a name for a language like French or English. Based on all this evidence, the Board had adequate basis to conclude that both Brown and the Institute adopted the term Loglan as the generic name of a language.

~~10) allowing any kind of JOI non- Morphology~~

~~logical connectives to be used in~~

~~forethought~~, ~~in parallel with John and Nora have resolved all~~

~~forethought causal connectives: open issues regarding the~~

~~JOI GI construct GI construct; morphology algorithm, and it~~ is

~~11) POhO, which has been required included in JL16~~ for ~~final review~~

~~at the end of incomplete before publication in the~~

~~sentences, will be eliminated; reference book~~. ~~Problems included~~

~~POhO was added at one point due to strings of vowels and lujvo~~

~~problems found in some versions of involving le'avla. Since the~~

~~YACC (including the one we were morphology is baselined,~~

~~using) that caused a parser to technically any change is a~~

~~falsely declare an ambiguity in baseline change, but~~ all ~~changes~~

~~such incomplete sentences. POhO being considered are in areas not~~

~~has been shown to no longer be well-defined in the existing in-~~

~~necessary; formal 'Synopsis' that describes~~

~~12) NIhE~~, ~~one of~~ the ~~converters the morphology. Highlights~~

~~used to integrate MEX with the (again, these are post-book~~

~~rest of the grammar, now permits baseline features.):~~

~~an entire complex selbri construct~~

~~to be converted; - Adding selma'o ZEI, with only~~

~~13) NAhE is disallowed in cmavo "zei", will eliminate~~

~~forethought 'termsets'. The rule various other schemes of making~~

~~permitting it had been erroneously lujvo using le'avla, all of which~~

~~generated from a similar involved either tricky stress/-~~

~~structure. Contrary negation of a pronunciation problems or~~ had

~~termset is not defined in the potential breakdowns of a nature~~

~~negation paper. similar~~ to ~~the 'Tosmabru test'~~

~~14) Multiple I~~ and~~/or I+BO are used in regular lujvo. The result~~

~~permitted at~~ the ~~beginning of text would have been rules so un-~~

~~(a benefit primarily for those who intuitively complicated as to make~~

~~stutter); them impractical to use on-~~the-

~~15) Allow SE conversions of fly, when most such compounds will~~

~~abstract and negated selbri be made. ZEI is processed in~~

~~without KE/KEhE parentheses. advance of lexer rules (as is BU~~

~~for lerfu and ZO, LOhU, ZOI, SI,~~

~~If that list doesn't make a lot SA, and SU)~~ as ~~part of the met-~~

~~of sense, don't worry about it. alinguistic grammar. It causes~~

~~These truly are abstruse 'little' one word immediately before it and~~

~~changes in the grammar that are one word immediately after it to~~

~~unlikely to affect anyone's be considered joined into a single~~

~~conversation and writing very construct equivalent to a BRIVLA.~~

~~much, if at all. With~~ the ~~exception of some of~~

~~those metalinguistic cmavo just~~

~~listed, any Lojban word can be so~~

~~joined to any other, allowing~~

~~lujvo to be based on cmavo that~~

~~have no rafsi, as well as le'avla.~~

~~Many-part le'avla lujvo will have~~

~~a ZEI between each pair~~ of ~~terms.~~

~~Regular gismu and lujvo may also~~

~~be used as terms in~~ a ~~ZEI lujvo.~~

~~- cmavo space is now recognized to~~

~~include certain structures with 0~~

~~or 1 consonant, followed by more~~

~~than two vowels, with apostrophe~~

~~used between every pair (except~~

~~when diphthongs occur)~~. ~~Thus~~

~~"zo'o'o'o" could be a legal cmavo~~

19

The Institute argues that no one else has used the term Loglan in a generic fashion and that by capitalizing Loglan in its newsletter, the Language Group itself treats the term in a non-generic manner. We disagree. Capitalization is the correct form for the name of a language, e.g., English, French, or German [*]; this it is compatible with generic use. Moreover, the Language Group's own logical language, "Lojban", is referred to as a type of Loglan. The Language Group refers to "[Brown's] version of 'Loglan'" and states that "Lojban is indeed a Loglan."

~~(with an obvious meaning of a more be changed, since "mz" is not a~~

~~intense humor?) These will not be permissible medial. "djeimyz." is~~

~~considered for defined use, but acceptable.~~

~~are added to the experimental~~

~~cmavo space.~~ The ~~grammar will cmavo~~

~~treat all experimental and~~

~~undefined cmavo as if they were The following cmavo changes are~~

~~members of UI. made. Note~~ that one the ~~cmavo,~~

~~"zei", has grammar contingent upon~~

~~- When one word ends~~ in a ~~vowel~~, the ~~next baseline~~. ~~It will be in~~

~~and~~ the ~~following begins with one,~~ the ~~next draft~~ of ~~the cmavo list~~

a ~~pause~~, ~~and not a glide~~, ~~must be anyway~~, ~~even though the current~~

~~used to pronounce them. This con- grammar will not handle it.~~

~~firms the original design deci-~~

~~sion. Actual usage has been that zei ZEI lujvo glue joins preceding~~

~~some UI members have not been and following~~

~~separated from each other and word into a~~

~~other vowels by pauses~~, ~~and~~ this ~~lujvo~~

~~was determined to be too difficult~~

~~for the resolver to handle, so~~ it ~~ne'o VUhU factorial reas~~

~~remains forbidden. An example~~ is ~~signed from~~

".~~ua.ui" which has been pronounced "zei" to make~~

~~"/wah,wee/"~~, ~~but must be pro- room for above~~

~~nounced as "/wah.wee/". An~~

~~example showing~~ the ~~problems that bu~~'~~u FAhA coincident with~~

~~can result is~~ "~~.ui.iu~~", ~~which if space/time~~

~~pronounced without a pause~~ is ~~tense equiva-~~

~~indistinguishable from ".ui,u". lent of CA~~

~~- Names will be permitted~~ to ~~have be'~~a ~~FAHA north~~ of ~~from~~

~~"la", "lai", and "doi" in them "berti"~~

~~WHEN PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT~~. ~~ne'u FAhA south of from~~

~~This means that the 'd' or 'l' "snanu~~"

~~must be the at-least-2nd in a con- du~~'~~a FAhA east~~ of ~~from~~

~~sonant cluster such that the "stuna"~~

~~preceding letter and the d/l form vu~~'~~a FAhA west of para~~

~~a permissible cluster, or are llel with~~

~~initial at the beginning of a "du~~'a"

~~word. This means that a name (these are added for compatibility~~

~~"zdoil." or "jdoil." is legal,~~ and ~~with languages/cultures~~ that ~~use a~~

~~every consonant except another "l" fixed reference frame for~~

~~is permitted before~~ "~~la" and directions instead of a speaker-~~

~~"lai". Thus while based one. A secondary if trivial~~

~~"*nort.kerolainas." remains advantage is that a~~ Lojban ~~wind-~~

~~illegal, it can easily be changed vane~~ is ~~more interesting, instead~~

~~to "nort.kerlainas.". This will of having the letters B-S-S-S for~~

~~then allow a certain erroneous the four cardinal points.)~~

~~comic strip to be corrected, by~~

~~naming the cat "mlat.", "*lat." voi NOI descriptive clause non-~~

~~remaining illegal. It also veridical~~

~~corrects the embarrassment that restrictive~~

~~the other English name of the clause used to~~

~~language - "loglan." - has been form com-~~

~~an illegal name in "lojban." plicated le-~~

~~like descrip-~~

~~- Names are formally restricted tions using~~

~~from having impermissible medial "ke'~~a"

~~consonant clusters in them~~. ~~The This is in a way similar to~~

~~most significant effect of this is "goi"/GOI, but used with clauses~~

~~to require the name~~ "*djeimz." to (bridi) on the right. It defines

20

In addition to generic use of the term Loglan by the Institute and the Language Group, others have so used the term. Numerous letters have been written to the Language Group inquiring about Loglan, requesting to be maintained on its Loglan mailing lists, and even inquiring about the status of the Loglan language being developed by the Language Group. The fact that the "consuming public" would write to someone other than the Institute regarding the Loglan language indicates that third parties understand Loglan to be a generic term; this understanding did not arise only from actions of the Language Group. Rather, the Language Group and the public merely followed the generic usage of the Institute.

~~a sumti on~~ the ~~left as being~~ the ~~va'u BAI benefited by~~

~~thing~~ the ~~speaker has in mind indication of a~~

~~which fills "ke'a" in~~ the ~~clause~~. ~~beneficiary~~

~~Nick Nicholas asked for this in when formulated~~

~~connection with an alternate ap- as "seva'u" =~~

~~proach~~ to ~~sumti-raising that he "for~~ the

~~prefers~~ to ~~"tu'a". benefit~~ of";

~~from "xamgu"~~

~~Example: (replaces a~~

~~ko'a voi lenu ke'a cisma useful function~~

~~cu pluka mi cu zutse of~~ the ~~word~~

~~The it1 whose smiling pleases "du'a", deleted~~

~~me sits~~. ~~last year as an~~

The ~~one whose smile pleases me is English-biased~~

~~sitting down. member of BAI)~~

~~to'a BY lower case bi'u BAhE de-emphasize~~

~~shift reassigne next~~ the

~~d from current reverse of~~

~~"voi"; from "ba'e" which~~

"~~tordu~~" ~~emphasizes the~~

~~next word -~~

~~ma'e BAI of material added in~~

~~used~~ to ~~add a emulation of a~~

~~material to a similar~~

~~bridi more function word~~

~~specific~~ than in the ~~Mon-~~

the ~~existing golian~~ language

~~"seta'i"; from Dagur~~

~~"marji"~~

~~ce'a LAU font shift chan~~

~~de'a ZAhO pausitive even ge of selma'o;~~

~~t contour for a~~ indicates that

~~temporary halt the following~~

~~and ensuing character~~

~~pause in a specifies~~ a ~~new~~

~~process~~; from ~~font (e.g~~.

~~"denpa" italic~~, ~~block~~

~~di'a ZAhO resumptive even print, or manu-~~

~~t contour for script). Super-~~

~~resumption of a sedes old~~

~~paused process "ce'a"~~ and

~~Example: "pe'e" which~~

~~mi de'a citka ca lenu were too~~

~~la noras. tavla limited;~~ the

~~I pausitively eat while latter is now~~

~~Nora talks. unassigned.~~

~~I stop eating while Nora talks.~~

~~(In addition,~~ the ~~grammar changes~~

~~vu'i LUhI~~ the ~~sequence described above also freed up~~

~~converts other po'o, zi'a, zi'i, zi'o, and zi'u~~.)

~~sumti types to~~

~~sequences, even remaining unassigned (27):~~

~~if the order is bi'a bi'e bu'o (bo'a bo'e bo'i~~

~~vague bo'o bo'u) ce'e ce'u ci'a do'i~~

~~ja'u ju'e mi'i na'a ne'e pe'e po'o~~

~~re'u te'i va'e vu'o zi'a zi'i zi'o~~

~~zi'u~~

~~gismu~~

21

==== C. Equitable Defenses ====

~~Keyword changes~~

~~The following two gismu are~~

~~proposed for addition to the The following constitute~~

~~baselined list, and will be baseline changes, even though~~

~~adopted pending no objection: there is no significant change of~~

~~meaning~~. ~~They will be considered~~

~~vukro vuk vu'o Ukrainian x1 adopted unless there is objection.~~

~~pertains to the~~

~~Ukrainian All metric prefixes currently~~

~~language/- have keywords of the form:~~

~~culture/nation~~

~~in aspect x2 megdo 10E6~~

~~slovo lov Slavic x1~~

~~pertains to It has been pointed out that this~~

~~Slavic lan- does not conform to most~~

~~guages/culture/- exponential notations. The~~

~~ethnos in aspect keywords will be globally changed~~

~~x2 to use "1" instead of "10" giving:~~

~~(lovle'u Cyrillic x1~~

~~is a letter of megdo 1E6~~

~~Cyrillic al-~~

~~phabet The following are being changed~~

~~symbolizing x2) to make them consistent with other~~

~~culture words by referring to the~~

~~These have been reviewed by Ivan culture rather than to the~~

~~Derzhanski, as our only active defining element of the culture.~~

~~native-Slavic Lojbanist. The~~

~~breakup of the Soviet Union, has budjo Buddhist x1 pertains to~~

~~made Ukraine a large country with the Buddhist culture/-~~

~~a Russian speaker base, one with a religion/nation in~~

~~Slavic language of its own and a aspect x2~~

~~nationalistic interest in being dadjo Taoist x1 pertains to~~

~~clearly distinct from Russia and the Taoist culture/reli-~~

~~the ex-Soviet Union. (The gion/nation in aspect x2~~

~~definition of "softo" is being jegvo Jehovist x1 pertains to~~

~~broadened to cover the old Russian culture/religion of the~~

~~empire and the new Commonwealth, Judeo-Christian-Islamic~~

~~but remains tied to the keyword deity in aspect x2~~

~~'Soviet' because there really is xriso Christian x1 pertains to~~

~~no other distinct word.) Our the Christian culture/-~~

~~standards for cultural gismu religion/nation in~~

~~clearly put Ukraine in the group aspect x2~~

~~that should have a gismu. (The~~

~~other republics, except Russia The change in keyword of "mukti"~~

~~itself, will be covered with to "motive", part of the last~~

~~le'avla.) baseline change, did not get into~~

~~the Planned Languages Server file~~

~~With two Slavic peoples for some reason, along with~~

~~represented, the family name also appropriate definition wording~~

~~requires a gismu (as "semto" changes. Some copies of LogFlash~~

~~exists to cover Hebrew and Arabic were distributed with this change~~

~~commonalties). As shown, this omitted.~~

~~gismu will also be used to~~

~~generate a lujvo for "Cyrillic", a rafsi~~

~~better choice than "rusko" or~~

~~"softo" for making a lujvo for "du" will be added to the list as~~

~~that concept, anyway. a result of being assigned the~~

~~rafsi "dub" and "du'o". "selci"~~

~~is being given "sle" from "selfu",~~

~~which in turn will be given "sef"~~

22

As part of its answer, the Institute alleged various affirmative defenses, including the equitable defenses of unclean hands, estoppel, fraud, acquiescence, and waiver. The Board found that the unclean hands, fraud and estoppel defenses were based on allegation of trade secret theft and infringement and therefore were not within the jurisdiction of the Board. Further, the Board stated that the equitable defense of acquiescence was not valid against the claim that the mark was generic. We affirm.

~~from "sefta". (Since the January - More care is being taken with~~

~~meeting, we have compiled a list 'under conditions' places. In~~

~~of all lujvo used thus far in many cases, an 'under conditions'~~

~~Lojban text. This will be used to place may be appropriate to some~~

~~generate a more accurate tuning of event/state within a single place~~

~~the rafsi assignments to reflect~~ of ~~a bridi~~, ~~rather than applying~~

~~expected usage. A few additional to~~ the ~~main bridi itself.~~

~~rafsi changes are likely to~~

~~result~~, ~~and will appear in~~ the ~~- The use~~ of ~~"du'u" abstractions~~

~~completed book. is clearly distinguished in place~~

~~structures dealing with truths.~~

~~Place structures Some places dealing with knowledge~~

~~and truth have been cleft paral-~~

~~We cannot list all of the place leling the "djuno" place structure~~

~~structure changes and definition change in JL15.~~

~~changes being made for the new~~

~~baselined list. Based on - All known cleft place structures~~

~~decisions at the weekend meeting~~, ~~have been reviewed~~, ~~with more than~~

~~about 20% of the words will have half eliminated by putting an~~

~~some change from the draft event clause in x1. A few~~, ~~such~~

~~"logdata~~.~~raw" list posted to~~ the ~~as "simlu", are remaining cleft~~,

~~PLS~~ and ~~distributed to advance but are worded so as to suggest~~

~~recipients of the new LogFlash (We "ka" property abstractions instead~~

were ~~BUSY!). Most~~ of ~~these are of events in the cleft abstraction~~

~~minor~~ and ~~clarifying. (The place.~~

~~complete review that Bob is doing~~

~~while typing in these changes has The following are particularly~~

~~resulted in many more minor significant changes in meaning.~~

~~changes, mostly clarifications in Since there is no keyword change,~~

~~wording). these are~~ not ~~considered relevant~~

~~Some general notes: to~~ the ~~baseline; place structures~~

~~have never been frozen. The~~

~~- Bob Chassell proposed a large wording is abbreviated and approx-~~

~~set~~ of ~~synonyms be listed; these imate, and there may be further~~

~~are being added to the definition changes before~~ the ~~list is finally~~

~~field to make computer searches of frozen~~. ~~For now, however~~, ~~this~~

the ~~list easier. These synonyms will clarify~~ the ~~meanings~~ of ~~many~~

~~will also show up in~~ the ~~words, and should give a good idea~~

~~dictionary as additional English as to the nature of~~ the ~~most major~~

~~entries~~. ~~changes being made~~.

~~- A clarification~~ of ~~sets and balvi x1 is in the future of/-~~

Application of these defenses must be considered in light of the clear purposes of the Trademark Act that a registered mark may be cancelled at any time on the ground that it is generic [*], and also in light of the Board's discretionary power to apply the defenses.

~~masses and sequences and their later than/after x2 in time~~

~~roles as place holders in bridi (ONLY; cf. lidne)~~

~~caused many changes in wording. bilni x1 is military/-~~

~~All places where~~ these ~~have been regimented/strongly~~

~~identified as likely placeholders organized/prepared by system~~

~~have been examined and will~~ be ~~x2 for purpose x3~~

~~identified if space permits. caxno (paralleling condi~~

~~below)~~

~~- Several 'properties' gismu which cfari x1 (nu) commences/-~~

~~are generally~~ considered ~~begins/initiates/starts~~

~~subjective, have gained a 'by (intransitive) [no change, but~~

~~standard' place. The standard may cf. sisti)~~

~~only~~ the ~~personal one~~ of the ~~cimde x1 is~~ a ~~dimension of~~

~~observer, whatever that~~ may be~~. space/object x2 according to~~

~~Colors are NOT included in this rules/model x3~~

~~change. clupa x1~~ is ~~a loop/circuit~~

in/of ~~material x2 defined by~~

~~(set of points) x3~~

23

To support the defenses of unclean hands, estoppel, and fraud, the Institute pleaded that the Language Group "wrongfully acquired the trade secrets of the [Institute]..., and has converted and used such trade secrets to [Language Group]'s benefit... [and that the Language Group] wrongfully used the mark 'Loglan' in interstate commerce..., thereby infringing on [the Institute's] trademark." As pleaded, these defenses are essentially claims of trademark infringement and unfair competition premised on the Institute's assertion of trademark rights in Loglan. The Institute also alleges that after it demanded that the Language Group stop using its "mark," the latter acquiesced and ceased using Loglan to designate its logical language.

~~cmavo x1 is a structure word naxle (paralleling dargu~~

~~having grammar exemplified by above)~~

~~word x2 with meaning function pajni x1 judges/is a judge~~

~~x3 in language x4 determining/deciding matter x2~~

~~condi x1 is deep in extent in (ka/ni/jei abstraction)~~

~~x2 (ka) at locus x3 away from (estimate/evaluate)~~

~~observation point x4 by panra x1 is parallel to x2 in~~

~~standard x5 property/pattern x3 by stan-~~

~~cpare x1 climbs/clambers/- dard/geometry x4~~

~~crawls/creeps on surface x2 in pikta x1 is a ticket entitling~~

~~direction x3 using x4 (tools~~, ~~x2 to privilege/entitlement x3~~

~~limbs) (nu) under conditions x4~~

~~danfu x1 is~~ the ~~answer/- platu x1 plans/designs/plots~~

~~response to question x2 plan/plot/arrangement x2 for~~

~~dargu x1 is a road with route state/process x3~~

~~x2 porsi x1 (sequence) is~~

~~fancu x1 is a function/single- sequenced/ordered by compari-~~

~~value mapping from domain x2 son/rules x2 on set~~

~~to range x3 defined by rules (unordered) x3~~

~~x4 prami (paralleling xebni~~

~~fasnu x1 is an event~~ that ~~below)~~

~~happens/occurs prina x1 (agent) prints x2 on~~

~~flalu x1 is a law specifying x3 using tool x4~~

~~x2 (nu) for community x3 purci (paralleling balvi~~

~~(mass) under conditions x4 by above)~~

~~law-giver x5 ritli x1 is a rite/ceremony/-~~

~~funca x1 (nu) is determined by ritual/is formal(legal) for~~

the ~~luck/fortune~~ of~~/for x2 purpose x2 under custom x3~~,

~~gasnu x1 is agent in event x2; under rules/form x4~~

x1 '~~does' x2 selci x1 is a cell/atom/-~~

~~gradu x1 (magnitude) is a molecule/unit of x2; x1 is an~~

~~unit/degree of/on scale/- indivisible basic subunit of~~

~~reference standard x2 (idea/- x2 (cf~~. ~~English~~ '~~atom~~')

si'~~o) measuring x3 (ka) simlu x1 appears to have~~

~~gunma x1 is a mass/team/is property x2 to x3 under~~

~~together~~, of ~~components x2 conditions x4~~

~~considered jointly sirji x1 is straight/direct/-~~

~~jbini x1 is between/among set line segment/interval between~~

of ~~boundaries x2~~ in ~~x3 (ka) x2 and x3~~

~~jdika x1 is decreased/reduced sisti x1 (agent) ceases/-~~

~~in x2 (ka) by amount x3 (no stops/halts doing/being x2~~

~~change but cf~~. ~~zenba) (cf. cfari WHICH IS DIFFERENT)~~

~~kancu x1 counts~~ the ~~number in skiji x1 is a ski/skid/skate/-~~

~~set x2 to be x3 (ni/number) in runner for surface x2 (for)~~

~~units x4 supporting skier/skater/sled/-~~

~~karli x1 is a collar cargo x3~~

~~surrounding x2 of material x3 suksa x1 (nu) is sudden/abrupt~~

~~krefu x1 is a recurrence/- at stage/achievement x2 in~~

~~repetition of x2 (nu) for~~ the ~~process x3; x1 (ka) suddenly~~

~~x3th (ni/number) time; x1 changes at point x2 over~~

~~happens again interval x3~~

~~kusru x1 (person) is cruel/- talsa x1 (person) challenges~~

~~mean~~ to ~~x2 x2 in x3 (ka)~~

~~lacpu x1 pulls/tugs/drags x2 trene x1 is a train~~

~~by handle at locus x3 (segmented-vehicle) of cars/-~~

~~lafti x1 lifts/applies lift to units (mass/sequence) in~~

~~x2 at locus x3 system/railroad/of owners x3~~

~~lidne x1 leads/precedes x2 in trina x1 attracts/lures x2~~

~~sequence x3 (person/action) with x3 (ka)~~

24

The Lanham Act specifically provides that "[i]n all inter partes proceedings equitable principles of laches, estoppel, and acquiescence, where applicable may be considered and applied" [*]. While the Board must consider such defenses, we determine that it properly exercised its discretion in not allowing the defenses to prevail here. As the Board stated, these defenses cannot override the controlling fact that Loglan is the generic name for a language and that it cannot therefore be a trademark for dictionaries. The Board did not err in declining to apply the defenses, as the public interest in a cancellation proceeding to rid the register of a generic mark transcends them. The Board may have erred in stating that it lacked jurisdiction over the defenses, but that error was harmless under the circumstances.

~~venfu x1 (person(s)) takes John Cowan writes the following~~

~~revenge on/retaliates against as further explanation of the~~

~~x2 (person(s)) for wrong x3 set/mass/sequence/individuals~~

~~(nu) with vengeance x4 (nu) changes:~~

~~vorme x1 is a door/gate~~

~~between x2 and x3 of/in/- One of the aims of the place~~

~~through structure x4 structure review was to examine~~

~~xamsi x1 is an ocean/sea/- all the place structures~~ that ~~were~~

~~gulf/atmosphere of planet x2 labeled~~ "~~(plural/set)" to see~~

of ~~fluid x3 whether an actual set was wanted~~,

~~xanri x1 (si'o) exists in the or merely one or more individuals.~~

~~imagination of/is imagined In addition~~, ~~sometimes a mass~~

~~by/is imaginary/unreal to x2 seemed to~~ be ~~the right thing. The~~

~~xebni x1 hates x2 (object/- new place structures which Lojbab~~

~~abstract) is typing up will contain a good~~

~~xendo (paralleling kusru deal of clarification.~~

~~above) Essentially, a true set is~~

~~xlura x1 (agent) influences x2 required if the relationship does~~

~~into action/event/state x3 by not hold of each member but only~~

~~influence/threat/lure x4 (cf~~. of the ~~totality. For example~~,

~~trina) "kampu", "cnano", and "fadni" are~~

~~xrani x1 (nu) injures/harms/- all relationships between a set~~

~~damages victim x2 in property and one of~~ its ~~members (or a~~

~~x3 resulting~~ in ~~injury x4 property thereof)~~. ~~If I am~~

~~(za'i/ka) typical of ("cnano")~~ the ~~set of~~

~~zarci x1 is a market/store/- persons~~, that ~~doesn't mean that~~

~~exchange/marketplace selling~~ the ~~relation "typical-of" holds~~

~~x2 operated by x3/with between me~~ and ~~every individual~~

~~participants x3 (mass agent) person -- indeed, the idea of one~~

~~zenba x1 is increased/- person being typical of another~~

~~augmented in x2 (ka/ni) by makes no sense.~~

~~amount x3 (parallels with On the other hand, we decided~~

~~jdika)~~ that ~~"casnu" should have a mass,~~

~~zukte x1 is an 'entity' rather than either~~ a ~~set or plural~~

~~employing means x2~~ for~~/towards individuals,~~ in ~~its x1 place.~~

~~end/purpose/goal x3 People may "casnu"~~, ~~or participate~~

in a ~~discussion, even though not~~

~~all of them say anything.~~

~~In many cases, "(plural/set)"~~

~~came up where "between" or "among"~~

~~was involved. Most of these we~~

~~tried~~ to ~~reword to avoid~~ the

~~problem, which often resulted from~~

~~excess generality. Thus~~ a ~~wall~~

~~now separates exactly two things,~~

~~and a door connects exactly two~~.

~~(A wall~~ may ~~separate multiple~~

~~pairs of things - my house from~~

~~yours, my property from yours,~~

~~Country 1 from Country 2 - all at~~

~~once~~, but ~~the relationship is~~

~~still pairwise.)~~

~~In addition, the phrase "ordered~~

~~set"~~ was ~~changed throughout to~~

~~"sequence", and~~ the ~~place~~

~~structure of "porsi" is now~~

~~something like "x1 is a sequence~~

~~of the members of set x2 ordered~~

~~by rules x3"~~. ~~Sequences do not~~

~~have the same level of support in~~

25

We, of course, do not rule on whether the Institute may have an action against the Language Group on any matters of unfair competition. The record here simply show that the term Loglan has never been a trademark, but rather entered the public domain as a generic name from the time of its inception.

~~Lojban as individuals, masses, and Mini-Lesson - Athelstan set the~~

~~sets; however~~, ~~we have long had material~~ of ~~his "Lojban Mini-~~

~~the non-logical connective "ce'o" Lesson"~~, ~~an hour-long~~

~~which constructs them item by presentation, down in text last~~

~~item. In addition, we added summer and fall before his~~

~~"vu'i", a converter of selma'o accident. We distributed draft~~

~~LUhI, transforming a set into a copies electronically (the draft~~

~~sequence, as well as individuals is available~~ on the ~~PLS - see~~

~~into a sequence-in-extension. above), and some two dozen people~~

~~It now seems that "fa'u", the from 6 different countries~~ have

~~non-logical connective for tried it and sent comments. Alas~~

~~"respectively", may be taken to the revision effort was only~~

~~generate a sequence-in-extension, partially done when the accident~~

~~thus: occurred, so the mini-lesson,~~

~~planned for this issue and at one~~

~~mi fa'u do se cmene zo djan. fa'u time~~ an ~~excuse for its delay,~~

~~zo lojbab. isn't yet ready.~~

~~(I respectively-with you) are- People have in general found~~ the

~~benamed ("John" respectively-with mini-lesson to be a very good~~

~~"Lojbab"). introduction to the language, as~~

~~they found Athelstan's oral~~

~~Using ".e" logical connection presentation similarly useful.~~

~~will not do, as that would claim Alas,~~ on ~~paper it takes a good~~

~~that each~~ of ~~us is named both deal more than an hour to work~~

~~"John" and "Lojbab"~~. ~~through. People have generally~~

~~said~~ that ~~there are too many~~

~~Status of Products exercises and too few examples. A~~

~~few of~~ the ~~examples and explana-~~

~~We have a lot of products in the tions are perhaps too oriented to~~

~~works, and~~ a ~~few of them are done English-native speakers~~, but we

~~or nearly done. More signifi- haven't figured a good way to~~

~~cantly perhaps, several new correct that.~~

~~products have been identified, and Given the accident, it is likely~~

~~are in progress and in some cases that I (Bob) will have to finish~~

~~near completion. The variety of~~ the ~~revision, and it will thus not~~

~~Lojban products continues to be ready until JL17 or even JL18.~~

~~multiply~~ as ~~new people get in- The revised mini-lesson will also~~

~~volved in its development. form part of the introductory~~

~~One is of course the Diagrammed package.~~

~~Summary of Lojban Grammar,~~

~~included as an insert in this LogFlash - We have released the~~

~~issue. This will form the major new version of LogFlash described~~

~~language explanatory text about in the last several issues. Both~~

~~the language for our introductory LogFlash 1 (gismu) and LogFlash 3~~

~~package. The Overview will be (cmavo) are being successfully~~

~~recast to talk mostly about the used by several people.~~

~~ideas of the language and not the For those who want to learn~~

~~grammar, and~~ a ~~glossary will be rafsi,~~ the ~~older combined LogFlash~~

~~added. Eventually, this package 1/2 will continue to be available~~

~~will be assembled into one~~ of ~~our (LogFlash 2 teaches rafsi) until a~~

~~several book publications~~. ~~Now new version is created - a new~~

~~for the other products: version of LogFlash 2 will be more~~

~~difficult to develop than the~~

~~other programs because the type of~~

~~testing used in lessons is more~~

~~diverse. The lujvo-making program~~

~~will also be incorporated into the~~

~~next revision of LogFlash 2. The~~

~~priority of this revision depends~~

~~primarily on people being in-~~

26

=== CONCLUSION ===

~~terested in obtaining it - if you only, but since the lists being~~

~~are ready to start using this distributed are unofficial, people~~

~~program, or expect that you will receiving them need to be fore-~~

~~be within 6 months, let us know warned. Again, we will make~~

~~and Nora will put more effort into updated files available to those~~

~~this upgrade. The files for the who purchase copies now, probably~~

~~old version are not being updated, at the time the first book is~~

~~hence several newly-added rafsi released.~~

~~assignments and the couple of The instability of the word~~

~~changes that have been made are files affects LogFlash 3 a bit~~

~~not reflected in this old version. more significantly because we are~~

~~This has not proven to be a sig- more freely changing words and~~

~~nificant limitation. keywords, as well as making a~~

~~There are two 'problems' with small number of additions and~~

~~the current release, neither of deletions to the cmavo list. The~~

~~which prevents effective use. The changes being made are typically~~

~~first is that we've had no time to minor, however, enough that we can~~

~~rewrite the user documentation. finally feel comfortable in recom-~~

~~There are now an enormously mending that people use LogFlash 3~~

~~increased number of user- without too much fear of having to~~

~~selectable features in LogFlash, do a lot of relearning due to~~

~~and documentation is needed to changes.~~

~~intelligently choose among them.~~

~~You can experiment or ask - most MacLojFlash - Both versions of~~

~~of these functions are self-ex- LogFlash for the Apple MacIntosh~~

~~planatory as to how they work, and are being updated for the new data~~

~~playing around is not damaging to files. Each version already had~~

~~your learning effectiveness some of the features now incor-~~

~~(though it can be time consuming porated into the original MS-DOS~~

~~given the number of options). version, and will probably add new~~

~~However, explaining when and why ones to keep the different~~

~~each option is intended to be used versions roughly comparable in~~

~~takes a bit of work. Luckily, capabilities. The Hypercard Mac~~

~~Nora has made the program version by Dave Cortesi is being~~

~~effectively self-channelled - the upgraded to Hypercard II; Richard~~

~~default option at each menu choice Kennaway's original MAC version~~

~~progresses you through fairly doesn't use Hypercard, is somewhat~~

~~optimal usage. I'd like to faster, but does not have voice~~

~~promise the documentation soon, synthesis of the words, and~~

~~but I'll have to admit that it supports both the gismu and cmavo~~

~~keeps getting shoved off for other lists in one program. Richard's~~

~~priorities. When more people program is basically ready,~~

~~start buying the program, we will awaiting only reasonably final~~

~~of course put high priority on word files. (Our difficulties in~~

~~completing the support supporting the Mac continue, and~~

~~documentation, and it will be we aren't going to release~~

~~available free-of-charge to those incremental in-progress Mac ver-~~

~~of you who have done without until sions of the word-lists as we are~~

~~then. doing with the original program.)~~

~~The other 'problem' is that The Mac programs are liable to be~~

~~because of the above-mentioned cheaper than the MS-DOS versions,~~

~~revision of the gismu list, partly because of the lower~~

~~especially affecting place quality of support that we have~~

~~structures, the version of the been able to provide.~~

~~list we are giving out at any~~

~~particular time is subject to Serious Volunteers Sought for~~

~~changes. These changes don't LogFlash Research - The new~~

~~generally affect the learning version of LogFlash (MS-DOS~~

~~process since place structures are version only) is instrumented for~~

~~provided for information purposes research into how well people~~

27

The decision of the Board is therefore

~~learn Lojban words. This finally Other teaching products - We~~

~~allows testing of the 'word have contacted two firms that~~

~~recognition scores' that were the commercially produce language~~

~~basis of Loglan/Lojban word-making learning materials and gotten~~

~~ever since the project started in interest in assisting the Lojban~~

~~the 1950s, as well as formally project from each of them. One~~

~~verifying the effectiveness of the produces software that teaches you~~

~~LogFlash technique. words and structures as you read a~~

~~We are looking for volunteers to story or stories in Lojban (not a~~

~~use LogFlash in learning the simplified text - you would learn~~

~~Lojban vocabulary. At this point to read most any Lojban text you~~

~~we have no constraint on who can come across).~~ The ~~other, In-~~

~~volunteer, as long as you can ternational Learning Corporation,~~

~~state more or less honestly that produces a series~~ of ~~materials~~

~~you don't yet know much of~~ the ~~called "The Learnables (tm)",~~

~~Lojban gismu vocabulary. Later which are books of cartoons and~~

~~on, we will have to add re- pictures associated with extensive~~

~~strictions to ensure that our tapes. These materials are used~~

~~statistics are valid, but for now effectively in college classes.~~

~~we are looking for patterns in the Both products have been~~

~~learning of individuals. recommended to us by more than one~~

~~We have no funding for this Lojbanist. Both organizations~~

~~experiment - we can't pay anyone have indicated that they would be~~

~~to participate. You will even willing to license us to develop~~

~~have to buy the copy of LogFlash Lojban versions of their products~~

~~that you use to learn the words, at no cost to us other than the~~

~~because we need the money to stay effort of developing the~~

~~in business right now. What we materials. The resulting materi-~~

~~can promise~~ is ~~that someone who als should be extremely effective~~

~~volunteers AND STICKS WITH THE in teaching Lojban and offer the~~

~~EXPERIMENT ENOUGH TO GIVE US confidence of having been used~~

~~USEFUL RESULTS will be credited effectively with other languages.~~

~~afterwards for the price of The down-side of these materials~~

~~LogFlash and any other Lojban is that they will probably be more~~

~~teaching materials you buy to expensive than our self-developed~~

~~study while participating in the materials (for existing languages,~~

~~experiment. We'll also give the software package costs around~~

~~priority (subject to our limited $100 plus a small amount per~~

~~funds) for volunteers who need story, while The Learnables costs~~

~~financial assistance to obtain around $45 for a book and 6 tapes,~~

~~Lojban materials. with 4 beginning and 4 advanced~~

~~This isn't a lot to offer for a books covering the typical lan-~~

~~commitment of 3-7 hours a week for guage - we can't promise to be~~

~~4-8 months (probably 100-150 hours able to sell Lojban materials for~~

~~total, about the same as the any less than the prices these~~

~~homework time for a typical organizations charge for other~~

~~college class), but the work isn't languages).~~

~~hard, and you will be doing it These are significant~~

~~anyway if you are planning on opportunities to get awareness of~~

~~learning the language. We need is Lojban out to a much larger~~

~~people who will use LogFlash more audience, but we cannot justify~~

~~or less daily for at least 1/2 the time to produce the materials~~

~~hour a day (preferably an hour - unless there is some significant~~

~~learning may go 3 times as fast or interest in the community in~~

~~better, at this more intense study buying and using the resulting~~

~~rate; you learn quicker, and the products. So we need to hear from~~

~~experiment is shorter and more you if you think you would buy the~~

~~likely to show expected results.) materials.~~

28

AFFIRMED

~~Interlinear Glosser (and Parser) applications for which Lojban is~~

~~- This new project of Nora's stems especially suitable is a Lojban-~~

~~from four unrelated problems. to-English translator. Nora has~~

~~Because of the massive volume of long been interested in producing~~

~~Lojban text now being produced, a simple form of such a~~

~~Nora and I can no longer read and translator, both for study of the~~

~~check it all - our own command of problems of machine translation,~~

~~the language is not thorough and as an effective teaching tool.~~

~~enough for us to quickly check She first did a rudimentary trans-~~

~~words and place structures, much lator, handling a subset of the~~

~~less to comment the results grammar of single Loglan~~

~~thoroughly. sentences, on a tiny TRS-80 home~~

~~People writing Lojban text tend computer back in 1981. Updating~~

~~to make word choice errors (e.g. this program to use with Lojban~~

~~lujvo-making errors, has been difficult, because the~~

~~misspellings), and find it hard to varieties of sentences that are~~

~~catch these errors before typical for Lojban are much more~~

~~'inflicting' them on others. A numerous than for earlier Loglan~~

~~simple computerized spelling versions.~~

~~checker cannot fully solve this A few months ago, we discovered~~

~~(even if you can build a a free-ware program called~~

~~dictionary file easily) because "Shoebox" (Summer Institute of~~

~~nearly all possible cmavo and Linguistics) that produces~~

~~lujvo word-forms are plausibly interlinear glosses from one~~

~~valid words. language to another, using a~~

~~In addition, people using the simple word look-up technique and~~

~~Lojban parser to check their work a specially designed word data-~~

~~have found the outputs to be hard base. Mark Shoulson and others~~

~~to use in an odd way. When there have set up this program to~~

~~is an error, the parser tells you produce quite pretty glosses for~~

~~(approximately) where the error Lojban text, but the translation~~

~~occurred, and you know where to is rather difficult to read, even~~

~~look. If it finds no errors, the when you know Lojban grammar - the~~

~~rather lengthy fully-parenthesized words that are substituted are the~~

~~output contains complete keywords of our word-lists, which~~

~~grammatical structure information. are not intended necessarily to be~~

~~Unfortunately, a lot of simple er- good translations; there is no~~

~~rors, including misspellings provision for lujvo compounds,~~

~~(noted above) and omitted ter- even though they are quite~~

~~minators can lead to grammatically regular; several cmavo have no~~

~~perfect text that means something valid English gloss because they~~

~~quite different from what you serve purely grammatical roles;~~

~~intended. Reading the parser and finally, Lojban's predicate~~

~~output to find such errors grammar means that you need to~~

~~requires great care, as well as a analyze the grammatical situation~~

~~certain sense of what types of er- to know whether to interpret the~~

~~rors to look for. It isn't being English equivalent of a Lojban~~

~~done too well, and people have word as a noun, a verb, and~~

~~found errors in text that seemed adjective, or an adverb - Shoebox~~

~~perfectly valid, even to the is not sufficiently tailored to~~

~~parser, when read carefully. Loglan/Lojban's unique~~

~~(Though this might seem to be a regularities to take advantage of~~

~~threat to Lojban's viability as a them to produce a readable output.~~

~~understandable and logical Inspired by this, Nora started~~

~~language, the types of errors that designing a grammar-smart~~

~~are occurring seem to be of the interlinear glosser. Carl Burke~~

~~types that fluent speakers has aided with some good design~~

~~wouldn't often make.) ideas, and the project is well~~

~~Finally, one of the easiest underway. Indeed, the program~~

~~first steps towards the computer already produces better glosses~~

29

----

~~than the comparable Shoebox The Cowan Papers, or "The Lojban~~

~~versions, even without many 'gram~~- ~~Textbook Effort Grows Up"~~ - ~~3 1/2~~

~~mar smarts', because it recognizes years ago (October 1988) I started~~

~~Lojban word types, disassembles to write a technical description~~

~~lujvo, recognizes numbers as a and reference for Lojban. 40~~

~~unit, and other simple Lojban~~- ~~pages and the first descriptive~~

~~specific functions. It processes cmavo list were completed.~~

~~outputs from John Cowan's Lojban Reviewers at that point basically~~

~~parser, separating a long text told me that the text was not~~

~~into separate sentences and other working~~ - ~~most people did not know~~

~~logical chunks for easier reading, the language well enough to use a~~

~~and optionally retaining or reference that presumed basic~~

~~deleting the structure bracketing knowledge of the grammar. The~~

~~and inserted elidable marker words format was very poor as a teaching~~

~~that the parser provides in its text. The result was the~~

~~output. We also have developed a recommendation that I write a~~

~~'dictionary' suited for this pro- Lojban textbook.~~

~~gram. From January through June 1989,~~

~~If there is demand, we can make I wrote 6+ draft chapters of such~~

~~the program available fairly a textbook while teaching the~~

~~shortly in its in-development form first Lojban class. About 150~~

~~bundled with the parser (which it people have gotten those lessons~~

~~requires). We'll set a tentative now, and a couple of dozen of~~

~~price of $50 for the combination, these have studied the language~~

~~partly because the program is well enough to write fairly~~

~~incomplete; the final program may effectively in the language.~~

~~be more expensive. John Cowan's These draft lessons remain~~

~~parser by itself is available for available and are the most tho-~~

~~$25 (and may be available for some rough teaching materials we have~~

~~UNIX machines as well as MS-DOS). for those trying to learn the lan-~~

~~People who are writing a LOT of guage.~~

~~Lojban text, and sending it to us Alas, the draft lessons, though~~

~~or posting it onto Lojban List, they've 'aged well', remain~~

~~can probably convince us to incomplete. I stopped writing~~

~~provide a test version of either when we realized that the basic~~

~~or both for free (especially if structure of the course was not~~

~~you cannot afford to pay for it) - working in the way we intended and~~

~~we'd rather have you be checking it was getting harder and harder~~

~~your text before we get it rather to write lessons that built~~

~~than be doing it ourselves. The constructively on what had gone~~

~~user documentation and support on before. The completed textbook~~

~~these programs will be quite would be over 1000 pages, and sim-~~

~~limited until the glosser is ply wasn't good enough to justify~~

~~completed. that much effort.~~

~~We are making these programs I started a new draft in 1990,~~

~~available primarily because some but it got only to page 50.~~

~~people are already finding them Throughout 1990 and 1991, as~~

~~useful, not because we believe others learned the language, the~~

~~they are optimal products yet - if advances in teaching technique~~

~~you are working often with the outstripped my writing ability.~~

~~language, the program limitations Indeed, under the able leadership~~

~~will not much hinder their of Nick Nicholas, the last year~~

~~usefulness. Also, frankly, we has shown a truly outstanding~~

~~need people to contribute more for increase in the sophistication of~~

~~our support, and having new our knowledge of Lojban~~

~~products to sell gives you expression, its style, and its~~

~~something for your money besides semantics. But that evolution,~~

~~the good feeling of contributing and the dozens of little tiny~~

~~to keeping this project alive. changes in the corners of the~~

~~language were stresses that hurt~~

30

== le lojbo se ciska (cont.) ==

~~my confidence that I was teaching This lack of examples was a big~~

~~the language appropriately to the hang-up in textbook writing, as~~

~~ways it is coming to be used. well. I spent endless time trying~~

~~I've also spent too much time to concoct meaningful examples of~~

~~dealing with our unending fi- sentences that exemplified the~~

~~nancial problems and simply points I was trying to make, which~~

~~coordinating the rapid expansion were limited in vocabulary, but~~

~~of our organization. still interesting. This is NOT my~~

~~The reference materials of the strong skill. Still, the 50 pages~~

~~language continued to evolve as of the new draft textbook has~~

~~well, and, although the language dozens of examples and even more~~

~~itself is quite stable, our exercises.~~

~~published descriptions of the When John Cowan first became~~

~~language have edged towards involved in Lojban, 2 years ago,~~

~~obsolescence. The gismu list his first promised goal was the~~

~~place structures were too short rather ambitious one of writing an~~

~~and vague, but the words example sentence for every gismu.~~

~~themselves were quite stable, as He then decided instead to write~~

~~were the rafsi affixes. The cmavo one sentence for every cmavo,~~

~~list was nearly as stable, but covering every variety of~~

~~incessant little changes in the grammatical usage.~~

~~grammar coupled with major A nice ideal, but far too~~

~~advances of our knowledge of how ambitious, as John found out.~~

~~to communicate in Lojban have made Some cmavo are permitted in a~~

~~a simple list of cmavo inadequate. variety of usages but aren't~~

~~The YACC-based formal grammar has pragmatically useful in most of~~

~~similarly been quite stable; there them - at least not in a way that~~

~~were little changes and we had to we English speakers can easily~~

~~update the baseline a year later, recognize~~. ~~For example, it seems~~

~~and a new baseline will take place rather odd to contemplate the~~

~~when the first book comes out mathematical number "pi" treated~~

~~(though the number of grammar like all other numbers and used as~~

~~change proposals in the second a digit, or to enumerate objects~~

~~baseline year have been less than or events: "pi events of Mary~~

~~half of those in the first year~~)~~. going to the store" is irrational~~

~~Since every example in the in more than one sense of the~~

~~textbook must be accurate and word.~~

~~consistent with the reference John's continuing work with the~~

~~lists, the more examples I've put grammar has made him even more~~

~~into the text, the shakier the expert in its details than I am.~~

~~result has become. Simply He has performed the modifications~~

~~checking every example in the to the YACC grammar for all the~~

~~existing 6 chapters requires hours little changes of the last two~~

~~of work - the new textbook has years. In developing that~~

~~several times as many examples for expertise, he learned how~~

~~each key grammar point. thoroughly the language is~~

~~In addition, the YACC grammar is defined, while how little of that~~

~~not too well understood by those design is yet set down on paper.~~

~~who aren't used to that type of He set to remedy this problem in~~

~~grammar definition. There are a the context of his previous goal,~~

~~lot of trees, with no sense of the choosing to write a "selma'o~~

~~forest. The shorter EBNF form of catalog" that would list all the~~

~~the grammar is better for some grammatical components of the lan-~~

~~people, but it is still formalized guage, giving explanations and~~

~~and difficult for non-computer examples of the use of each of~~

~~people. An especial lack is a them. Maybe he wouldn't find one~~

~~series of examples showing all the example for every word in every~~

~~various structures of the grammar, grammatical context, but at least~~

~~and discussing why they were there would be an example of each~~

~~present. such grammatical form, and the~~

31

Back when I was writing the draft textbook lessons, Nora was busily inventing examples for me. I never finished writing draft Lesson 7, but Nora had plenty of examples. Here are those examples, without the textual explanation that was never finished. As with most of Nora's examples, they stand quite well on their own, anyway. The primary topics are abstraction, logical connection, and the mathematical selbri words.

~~result would show how the rules of understand the 'B' words, while~~

~~the grammar interacted in actual 'C' requires knowledge of both 'A'~~

~~usage (as opposed to the arcane and 'B', etc.~~

~~formulae of the YACC grammar). Finally, although John created~~

~~John spent several months on the over a hundred example sentences~~

~~selma'o catalog, and created a for the selma'o catalog, this is~~

~~very nice document that a few not nearly enough to exemplify the~~

~~people have used effectively to entire Lojban grammar.~~

~~learn about the language The selma'o catalog will appear~~

~~structures. The document has in print, probably in~~ the ~~first~~

~~remained a~~ draft, ~~though, for book to be published (see below).~~

~~several reasons. Basically, However, it needs to be integrated~~

~~though, John realized that his with other materials in that book,~~

~~goal remained far beyond what he which will take a bit of work. It~~

was ~~capable of writing. I'm going unfortunately cannot serve the~~

~~to exaggerate the negatives to purpose John originally set out~~

~~make the reasons clear - as I for it - to exemplify the variety~~

~~said, the document proved quite of cmavo and their usages in the~~

~~useful and informative~~ for ~~the grammar.~~

~~limited audience of reviewers who To accomplish the latter, John~~

~~already knew a bit about the has undertaken and made excellent~~

~~language. Everyone who read it, progress on a new approach. He~~

~~including~~ me~~, learned a lot from has divided the grammar of Lojban~~

~~John's explanations~~. ~~into some 15 topics. There will~~

~~The~~ draft ~~selma'o catalog is a be a paper on each topic, covering~~

~~couple of hundred paragraphs~~, ~~with the cmavo used in the portion of~~

~~a couple of hundred cross- the grammar that addresses that~~

~~references;~~ but ~~the latter is not topic. A half dozen~~ of ~~these~~

~~nearly enough~~. ~~It turns out that papers~~ are ~~done or nearly~~

~~so many of the structures are complete.~~

~~redundant to each other that it is The topics are not an even~~

~~difficult to write about division of the grammar - some~~

~~individual word categories without topics can be covered in very few~~

~~referring to what is said pages, while others need a lot of~~

~~elsewhere~~, or without ~~repeating~~ explanation ~~and examples. On the~~

~~the same thing many times over. average, the topics are being~~

~~John also had to make use of so covered to at least the level of~~

~~many technical jargon terms that a detail as the "On Lojban Negation"~~

~~explanatory glossary was going to paper, which was published a~~

~~be needed~~ that was ~~fully as large couple~~ of ~~years ago with JL and is~~

~~as the catalog text, in order for now distributed with "Package 3"~~

~~the catalog to be understood by a for active language students.~~

~~beginner. Finally, because John (John~~'s ~~writing in these new~~

~~wrote the catalog from start to papers seems to me to be much more~~

~~end~~, ~~it reads fairly~~ well ~~as a readable then my~~ own ~~in the~~

~~textual explanation of the negation paper.) Each paper has~~

~~selma'o. dozens of examples; in some of~~

~~However, as a catalog reference them~~, ~~over a hundred examples may~~

~~work not intended to be read from be found~~.

~~start to finish, the document~~ The ~~most important of the papers~~

~~failed. Individual entries~~ are ~~completed thus far is the tense~~

~~hard to understand - even with all paper included with this issue.~~

~~the cross-references, too much of One of the most thoroughly~~

~~the text presumes that the reader analyzed and designed aspects of~~

~~has read and understood what comes Lojban~~, ~~as distinguished from~~

~~'before it' in the catalog. The earlier versions of Loglan~~, ~~the~~

~~result is like a dictionary tense system benefits from pc's~~

~~wherein you must know and expertise in tense logic~~ and ~~its~~

~~understand almost every word in expression in~~ the ~~languages of the~~

~~the 'A' section before trying to world~~.

32

=== Examples of bridi logical connection ===

~~I've said that the Lojban tense suppose over a period~~ of ~~time, X~~

~~system is overdesigned - it allows continues this cruel behavior, the~~

~~the entire variety of tense- dog's condition deteriorates, and~~

~~related expressions used by any of it dies. In English, we might say~~

~~the world's languages, without that "X kept on: kept on hitting~~

~~particularly favoring any one the dog too long, too long." But~~

~~approach. But each natural lan- without the long-winded~~

~~guage has evolved a highly explanation, you would almost~~

~~specialized and often idiomatic certainly consider that sentence~~

~~approach to expressing tense. The both ungrammatical and nonsense,~~

~~English speaker tackling Russian when it is neither. (And there is~~

~~or Greek or Irish, all Indo-Eu- no way to clearly punctuate the~~

~~ropean languages, must learn sentence, either, as I just found~~

~~elaborate tense systems involving out.) Lojban expresses this~~

~~perfective tenses that work situation easily.~~

~~entirely unlike those of English. Now think of one of those~~

~~Making the matter even worse, most cartoons where the main character~~

~~English speakers are ill-educated drives a motorboat across the~~

~~as to the complexity of the tense lake, then continues up on shore~~

~~structures of their own language, and across the land. This~~

~~and the subtleties of nuance situation is expressed in Lojban~~

~~implicit in various forms of ex- using a tense quite similar to~~

~~pression. As a result, a major that of the last example: the~~

~~failing people have in learning character kept on driving the~~

~~foreign languages is that they are motorboat too far 'on' the lake.~~

~~unable to grasp the new ways of There are all manner of other~~

~~relating time and space embodied tense structures permitted in~~

~~in the foreign language, and speak Lojban, some of which have no~~

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+''For a full list of issues, see '''[[zo'ei la'e "lu ju'i lobypli li'u"]]'''.''<br/>
+''Previous issue: '''[[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 15 moi]]'''.''<br/>
+''Next issue: '''[[me lu ju'i lobypli li'u 17 moi]]'''.''
+__TOC__
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+Number 16 - May-June 1992
+Copyright 1992, The Logical Language Group, Inc.
+Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031 USA (703)385-0273
+Permission granted to copy, without charge to recipient, when for purpose of promotion of Loglan/Lojban.
+DOUBLE YOUR LOJBAN FUN -- TWO LOGFESTS THIS YEAR
+JUNE 26-28 AND AUGUST 14-17, 1992
+NEW DC AREA LOJBAN CLASS STARTING -- SIGN UP NOW!
+DETAILS IN NEWS SECTION
+</pre>
+ju'i lobypli (JL) is the quarterly journal of The Logical Language Group, Inc., known in these pages as la lojbangirz. la lojbangirz. is a non-profit organization formed for the purpose of completing and spreading the logical human language "Lojban - A Realization of Loglan" (commonly called "Lojban"), and informing the community about logical languages in general.
+la lojbangirz. is a non-profit organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Your donations (not contributions to your voluntary balance) are tax-deductible on U.S. and most state income taxes. Donors are notified at the end of each year of their total deductible donations.
+For purposes of terminology, "Lojban" refers to a specific version of a logical human language, the generic language and associated research project having been called "Loglan" since its invention by Dr. James Cooke Brown in 1954. Statements referring to "Loglan/Lojban" refer to both the generic language and to Lojban as a specific instance of that language. The Lojban version of Loglan was created as an alternative because Dr. Brown and his organization claims copyright on everything in his version, including each individual word of the vocabulary. The Lojban vocabulary and grammar and all language definition materials, by contrast, are public domain. Anyone may freely use Lojban for any purpose without permission or royalty. la lojbangirz. believes that such free usage is a necessary condition for an engineered language like Loglan/Lojban to become a true human language, and to succeed in the various goals that have been proposed for its use.
+Page count this issue: 48 + 40 enclosures = 88 ($8.80 North America, $10.56 elsewhere). Press run for this issue of ju'i lobypli: 265. We now have about 726 people receiving our publications, and 240 more awaiting textbook publication.
+''' Your Mailing Label '''
+Your mailing label reports your current mailing status, and your current voluntary balance including this issue. Please notify us of changes in your activity/interest level. Balances reflect contributions received thru 30 May 1992. Mailing codes (and approximate balance needs) are:
+<pre>
+Activity/Interest Level:                        Highest Package
+Received (Price Each)                           Other flags:
+B - Observer     0 - Introductory Materials ($5)  JL JL Subscription
+($28/yr)
+C - Active Supporter                            1 - Word Lists and
+Language Description ($15)                      (followed by
+expiration issue #)
+D - Lojban Student                              2 - Language Design
+Information ($10)                               * indicates
+subscription prepaid
+E - Lojban Practitioner                         3 - Draft Teaching
+Materials ($30)  LK LK Subscription ($5/yr)
+                                                R  Review Copy (no
+charge)
+                                                UP Automatic Updates
+(>$20)
+</pre>
+Please keep us informed of changes in your mailing address, and US subscribers are asked to provide ZIP+4 codes whenever you know them.
+''' Contents of This Issue '''
+Important: Due to financial constraints, ju'i lobypli is converting to a full subscription basis, starting with the next issue (JL17). Please read the section on subscriptions for details.
+It's been a while since last issue, as we attempted to get our finances back on an even keel. Our financial health plan is taking effect, and we expect future issues of JL to resume quarterly appearance (if you are a subscriber, of course). (I also want to apologize to people who have had to wait an excessively long time for materials ordered during the last 6 months. Hopefully the order backlog will have been corrected when you get this issue.)
+As will usually be the case, this issue contains much material derived from the Lojban List computer mailing list on the Internet. Nearly all such material has been edited, revised, and corrected from the original.
+We continue to be flooded with Lojban text from several writers, and some of this material will be found in this issue.
+Several pieces in this issue relate to Lojban and computer applications, and our first research proposal is reprinted.
+The main body of this issue will be short, because we are including two long enclosures: a major paper by John Cowan on Lojban tense structures, and a major revision/improvement of the Diagrammed Summary of Lojban Grammar Forms, which is becoming the mainstay of our introductory materials. Some of the material originally prepared for this issue, including about 10 pages of discussion of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, will be delayed until JL17 (which, having this extra preparation done, is much more likely to come out on time!)
 <pre>
+                          Table of Contents
+Brief Glossary of Lojban Terms                                ---3
+News
+  Subscriptions and Finances                                  ---3
+  Athelstan Injured                                           ---4
+  Language Education                                          ---5
+  Electronic Distribution                                     ---5
+  Logfest 92                                                  ---7
+  Language Development Status                                 ---8
+  Status of Products                                          --12
+  Schedule                                                    --19
+  Using the Language                                          --19
+  Research Using Lojban                                       --20
+  International News/Publicity                                --21
+  News From the Institute                                     --21
-                      Number 16 - May-June 1992
+le lojbo se ciska                         --22, 25, 31, 35, 37, 41
-          Copyright 1992,  The Logical Language Group, Inc.
+Text of the Court of Appeals Decision                         --23
-Beau Lane, Fairfax VA 22031 USA (703)385-0273
+lei lojbo                                                     --26
-  Permission granted to copy, without charge to recipient, when for
+la lojbangirz.'s First Research Proposal                      --27
-                purpose of promotion of Loglan/Lojban.
+DLT - Esperanto-based Machine Translation                     --34
+A Lojbanic Cultural Allegory                                  --36
+Morphology Algorithm                                          --39
+Translations of le lojbo se ciska                             --42
+Next Issue                                                    --46
+Sample Pages from Forthcoming Dictionary                      --46
+</pre>
+''' Computer Net Information '''
+Via Usenet/UUCP/Internet, you can send messages and text files (including things for JL publication) to la lojbangirz./Bob at: lojbab@grebyn.com (This is a new address and supersedes the prior "snark" address.)
+You can also join the Lojban List mailing list (currently around 80 subscribers). Send a single line message (automatically processed) containing only:
+"subscribe lojban yourfirstname yourlastname" to: listserv@cuvmb. cc.columbia.edu
+If you have problems needing human intervention, send to: lojban-list-request@snark.thyrsus.com
+Send traffic for the mailing list to: lojban@cuvmb.cc.columbia.edu
+Please keep us informed if your network mailing address changes.
+Compuserve subscribers can also participate. Precede any of the above addresses with INTERNET: and use your normal Compuserve mail facility. If you want to participate on Lojban List, you should be prepared to read your mail at least every couple of days; otherwise your mailbox fills up and you are dropped from the mailing-list. FIDOnet subscribers can also participate, although the connection is not especially robust. Write to us for details if you don't know how to access the Internet network.
+Whether you wish to participate in the news-group or not, it is useful for us to know your Compuserve or Usenet/Internet address.
+We've been requested to more explicitly identify people who are referred to by initials in JL, and will regularly do so in this spot, immediately before the news section. Note that 'Athelstan' is that person's real name, used in his public life, and is not a pseudonym. 'pc' - Dr. John Parks-Clifford, Professor of Logic and Philosophy at the University of Missouri - St. Louis and Vice-President of la lojbangirz.; he is usually addressed as 'pc' by the community.
+'Bob', 'lojbab' - Bob LeChevalier - President of la lojbangirz., and editor of ju'i lobypli and le lojbo karni.
+'Nora' - Nora LeChevalier - Secretary/Treasurer of la lojbangirz., Bob's wife, author of LogFlash.
+'JCB', 'Dr. Brown' - Dr. James Cooke Brown, inventor of the language, and founder of the Loglan project.
+'The Institute', 'TLI' - The Loglan Institute, Inc., JCB's organization for spreading his version of Loglan, which we call 'Institute Loglan'.
+'Loglan' - This refers to the generic language or language project, of which 'Lojban' is the most successful version, and 'Institute Loglan' another. 'Loglan/Lojban' is used in discussions about Lojban where we wish to make it particularly clear that the statement applies to the generic language as well.
+'PLS' - The Planned Languages Server, a no-charge computer-network-accessed distribution center for materials on Lojban (and other artificial languages).
+== Brief Glossary of Lojban ==
+Terms Following are definitions of frequently used Lojban terms. More complete explanations of the following are in the Overview of Lojban.
+cmavo - Lojban structure words
+gismu - Lojban root words; currently 1337;
+rafsi - affix combining forms for the gismu;
+lujvo - compound words built from rafsi;
+le'avla - words borrowed from other languages;
+brivla - Lojban predicate words, consisting of gismu, lujvo. and le'avla.
+tanru - Lojban metaphors, the most productive and creative expression form of the language;
+sumti - the arguments of a logical predicate;
+selbri - Lojban predicates which indicate a relation among one or more sumti. A selbri is most often a brivla or tanru; formerly called "kunbri" in error;
+bridi - Lojban predications, the basic grammatical structure of the language; a bridi expresses a complete relationship: the selbri expresses the relation and the sumti express the various things being related;
+selma'o - grammatical categories of Lojban words; the basis of the unambiguous formal grammar of the language. Traditionally and erroneously called "lexeme" in the Loglan community. These categories typically have a name derived from one word in that grammatical category; the name is all capitals, except that an apostrophe is replaced by a small letter 'h'.
+== News ==
+=== Subscriptions and Finances ===
+This may be your last issue of ju'i lobypli.
+We are converting JL to a subscription basis. This is the last issue sent to those not explicitly requesting (and in most cases paying for) a subscription.
+At this point some 65 people have returned forms requesting a subscription. Perhaps half of these have sufficient balances to cover their subscription price.
+Our new special fund for 'scholarship subscriptions' will not allow us to support more than a few people on a non-paying basis, and these free subscriptions will be reserved for those who are actively working in the language, but cannot pay (mostly international supporters).
+So here's where things stand:
+* For US and Canadian subscribers, the subscription price will be US$28 for 4 issues (hopefully 1 year - but our commitment will be for a number of issues rather than a date, just in case). For those in other countries, the subscription price will be US$35 for 4 issues.
+* If you have not returned a subscription form, and have a negative balance worse than $-10 after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a "JL 16" on it indicating that your 'subscription' expires with the current issue. We must receive a signed subscription request form and enough money to cover the subscription price AND at least 1/2 of your negative balance. If you cannot afford this amount, you may request scholarship assistance on the subscription form, but you will be lowest priority for such subscriptions unless you are a very active volunteer. Contributing some of the amount required will raise your priority considerably.
+* If you have not returned a subscription form, and have between $-10 and $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a "JL 16" on it indicating that your 'subscription' expires with the current issue. We must receive a signed subscription request form and enough money to cover the subscription price. If you cannot afford this amount, you may request scholarship assistance on the subscription form. Contributing some of the amount required will raise your priority considerably.
+* If you have not returned a subscription form, and have more than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a number between "JL 17" and "JL 20" on it indicating that your subscription expires with the indicated issue. Your balance will be deducted at a rate of $10 per issue (substantially above the subscription price for US and Canada recipients, less so for overseas recipients), for up to 4 issues, until your balance drops below $10, or until we receive a form and/or other instructions from you. You will be given the lower-priced 4-issue subscription rate when we receive your signed subscription request form (and preferably enough money to raise your balance above the subscription minimum). If you cannot afford the subscription amount, you may request scholarship assistance on the subscription form. You will receive highest priority after the most active volunteers to gain such assistance to fill out your balance to a 4-issue subscription.
+* If you have returned a subscription form and have more than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), your mailing label will have a number between "JL 17" and "JL 20" on it; your subscription expires with the indicated issue. You have either been given a full four-issue subscription (if there is enough in your balance to cover the price), or a partial-year subscription prorated to your balance amount ($7/issue for US/Canada). The subscription price has been deducted from your balance, and an "*" on the mailing label indicates that your subscription has been paid. You need do nothing to continue receiving JL; we will notify you by direct mail prior to your last subscription issue for renewal.
+* If you have returned a subscription form and have less than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), and you sent at least $40 in balance contributions between 1 Dec. 1991 and 15 April 1992, your mailing label will have "JL 20" on it. You have been given a full four-issue subscription. The subscription price has been deducted from your balance, and an "*" on the mailing label indicates that your subscription has been paid. You need do nothing to continue receiving JL; we will notify you prior to your last subscription issue for renewal.
+* If you have returned a subscription form and have less than $10 in your balance after deducting for JL16 (this issue), and you have sent less than $40 in balance contributions since 1 December 1991, your mailing label will have a number between "JL 17" and "JL 19" on it indicating that your subscription expires with the indicated issue. You been given a part-year subscription. We have deducted the cost of this issue from your contribution (if any), and determined your prorated subscription period based on 1/2 of the remaining contribution (if any), with a minimum of 1 issue. The amount of the subscription has been deducted from your balance, and an "*" on the mailing label indicates that your subscription has been paid. You need do nothing to continue receiving JL; we will notify you prior to your last subscription issue for renewal. However, we ask that you contribute to bring your balance positive if possible.
+* If you have returned a subscription form and asked for scholarship support for your subscription: we have not yet decided who will get such support, but given the above policy, you will at least receive JL17.
+* If you are an overseas recipient of JL, then you are slated to receive at least through "JL 17" since you have received no chance to send in a subscription request form until now. Your balance will be charged $10 for JL17 if we have not received a form prior to that issue.
+* When you stop receiving JL after the subscription expiration issue, you will automatically be switched to a subscription to the newsletter le lojbo karni (LK - subscription price of around $5 per year). We expect to cull the LK mailing list after the next fund-raising mailer, dropping those people with balances less than $-30.
+We haven't yet received enough subscription forms to justify applying for a 2nd class postage (though we are close). The highest subscription price has been selected because we'll have to pay 1st class/air mail postage rates for at least one issue, as well as at least $275 to obtain the 2nd class permit (about $4 for each subscriber) that will allow us to save postage costs thereafter.
+Final financial results from last year - Our 1991 income totalled $14,462.59, with expenses of $14,746.31, for a net loss on the year of about $300. Of that amount $10,725.73 was donations (around $6000 of this was from Lojbab and Nora). In total, only $3700 was contributed toward balances from over 850 people on our mailing list. Only through our end-of-year fund-raiser did we even do this well. We received $2500 during the last 20 days of December, much of it as a result of the fund-raising drive, reducing us from a deficit of over $2000 for the year that might have crippled us.
+At the end of 1991, we owed about $5800 in legal fees on the trademark battle, which we're repaying at $500 per month. This is taking every penny that Lojbab, Nora and Jeff Prothero, who are financing the legal fees, can contribute. We must count on the rest of you to keep the organization going financially.
+Status this year - So far in 1992, we're losing money. Up to now, against some $2500 in income, we've spent around $2800; JL16 and LK16 will cost another $1200, and we have over $1500 precommitted towards future JL subscriptions. Thus, we expect to need another fund-raising drive within a couple of months. I hope to tie such a fund-raiser to the announcement of the first Lojban book. But please don't wait until then. Contribute now! We don't know yet how we will finance book publication, which will cost several thousand dollars.
+Our Numbers - Support for Lojban continues to grow at an outstanding rate; we lose few people (mostly people who move and forget to tell us their new address), while averaging 1 new person every 2-3 days for the last year.
+Following are our numbers by level of interest and subscription, as of this publication (numbers in parentheses include multiple persons per address):
+Level E - Practitioner (people who have actually produced Lojban text, are actively working with the language, and receiving materials from us) - 13 (17)
+<br />Level D - Lojban Student - 95 (113)
+<br />Level C - Active Observer - 139 (149)
+<br />Level B - Inactive Observer - 627 (663)
+<br />JL16 subscribers - 241 (272)
+<br />JL17 subscribers - 114 (130)
+<br />JL subscription request returned - 66 (72)
+<br />Prepaid beyond JL17 - 55 (61)
+<br />LK subscribers
+<br />Total active mailing list 897 (965)
+=== Athelstan Injured ===
+Our efforts on Lojban here in the Washington DC area were dealt a severe blow at the end of February. Athelstan, one of la lojbangirz.'s Directors, received a head injury in an auto accident, causing severe brain damage. He was in a coma for over 2 weeks, but has made good progress since. Early in April, he was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital, where he is slowly regaining memory and living skills; he is expected to remain in the hospital until at least mid-July. Regaining his full abilities is uncertain, and doing so will take many more months, if not years.
+Athelstan was one of the most skilled of Lojbanists, and a major participant in our weekly conversation sessions here in the DC area. We have had to change from conversation sessions to teaching, reading, and translations sessions; the 3 remaining conversation-skilled people (Nora, Lojbab, and Sylvia Rutiser) are not enough 'critical mass' to keep conversations lively and interesting.
+We've also lost Athelstan's contribution to the endless work that is being done around here. Athelstan had written up his oft-taught mini-lesson in text form, and was in the middle of revising it for publication when the accident occurred. I may be able to finish it, but not quickly - too much else to do. Athelstan was also one of the principal reviewers of ju'i lobypli and other la lojbangirz. publications that I and others write; we can only hope that the quality of our products is sustained without his excellent efforts at catching typos and more serious technical errors.
+The good news is that it appears that the damage has not destroyed Athelstan's capacity for language, nor his interest in Lojban. In mid-April, he responded to my "coi. .atlstan." with a hearty "coi." in return. At the end of our otherwise English-language visit, I asked him if he remembered how to say goodbye; with only minimal hesitation, he came back with a confident "co'o."
+Given my close friendship with Athelstan, I have had to undertake commitments in helping his family and other friends support his recovery; this has taken a fair amount of time away from Lojban, though I now seem to be back in control of my schedule. Indeed, the incentive of knowing how fragile our effort is while so few of us know the details of the language seems to have remotivated me to get the community of Lojbanists who are expert in the language up to a self-sustaining level. Even amidst tragedy, there can be growth and progress.
+=== Language Education ===
+DC Class - Even before Athelstan's accident, we needed to build up the activity of the local Lojban community. Now, local teaching activities are even more vital. As such, starting in June, we'll be trying to organize a new Lojban class here in the Washington DC area. The class will probably meet in Fairfax VA (although a Rockville MD location is also being considered), on a weekly basis starting near the end of June and last throughout the summer. A principal goal will be to raise the students' skill level so that they can confidently participate in in-language activities in the August LogFest, and be able to continue in Lojban conversation sessions or translation activities after the class ends.
+Needless to say, if you will be in the DC area this summer, and are interested in participating in such a class, please contact me at the masthead address or telephone, or via electronic mail per page 2.
+Other education efforts - Most of our education efforts in the last several months have been through electronic mail on the computer networks. I've been able to delegate much of this teaching effort out to other Lojbanists who are active on Lojban List, and the numbers and competency of those attempting to write on Lojban List has continued to grow with each passing month.
+The network has also served as a testing ground for new teaching materials. Athelstan's draft text version of his mini-lesson (see below) was tried out by about 2 dozen people who returned comments and answers to exercises. These will be lead to a significantly revised and improved version for publication.
+Similarly, a draft of the Diagrammed Examples paper enclosed with this issue has been extensively distributed on the networks (as well as to many new mail order Lojbanists) during the last 6 months. French-Australian linguist Jacques Guy finally culminated this review with some enormously detailed comments, leading to the major revision and expansion included with this issue.
+Even before this final version, the Diagrammed Examples, with explanatory text, has proved in recent months to be the most significant learning aid to new Lojbanists actually attempting to learn to use the language. Several Lojbanists used only this paper and word lists (that were generally obtained by electronic distribution per the next section), to self-teach themselves to the level of being able to translate Lojban text written by more experienced Lojbanists. Then, with a few such efforts to give them experience, we have seen these Lojbanists start to write in Lojban, making relatively few and minor errors given the lack of a full teaching text. (Those who have study the draft textbook and/or used LogFlash have done still better, but the effectiveness of this relatively brief description has astounded several of us to the point of motivating this new version.)
+=== Electronic Distribution ===
+What is available and how - The electronic distribution policy announced last issue has been implemented, more-or-less. We have been unable to place JL and LK back-issues and a few other longer materials on the Planned Languages Server - our primary electronic distribution point. We have also been unable to implement the file verification program that we intended because of incompatibilities between computer systems that causes such techniques to fail.
+In spite of this, there is now a lot of material available electronically, including most of the now public domain language definition materials like word lists and formal grammars. I've been told that some of this material has been transferred to Compuserve, and I'm hoping that more will be moved to that network, as well as to Genie and other public computer networks. (Let us know if you do so, and what stuff you are posting where, so we can report accurately to the community as to what is available).
+Following is a list of all materials (and their filenames) available on the Planned Languages Server as of this publication date, and instructions for obtaining them from the Server.
+----
+This is an updated version of the file posted to the PLS entitled "readme" which includes an annotated and categorized index to all files on the list.
+Following the "readme" file is an abbreviated set of instructions for obtaining files from the server. Send the one line message 'help' to:
+langserv@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu
+to get the full help listing. While you can put multiple requests in a file, my experience has been that if there is any error on any command, the entire set is disregarded. I would therefore suggest getting 1 file at a time until you are sure what you are doing.
+"gismu.lst" is the official, public domain baseline that many Lojbanists already possess in printed form. It has 40-character definitions of the Lojban gismu, and has been relatively unchanged for a few years now. Only minor corrections have been put into the posted file, and the 20 new words adopted last year were never added.
+"logdata.raw" is a preliminary version of the new gismu list baseline. I intend the new baseline to take effect shortly after the publication of JL16, hopefully within a month. I would recommend using the current "logdata.raw" file, and ignoring the "gismu.lst" file, UNLESS it is vital to you to be using a public domain version. We won't object to any copying of the still copyrighted draft as long as the copyright notice and the notice that it is a draft stays intact with the file. To all intents and purposes, the old 40-character file is obsolete. I would recommend that any new text be written using the "logdata.raw" place structures. (All text in this issue probably presumes this newer version.)
+Questions on any file? Contact Bob LeChevalier at the masthead address or via:
+lojbab@grebyn.com
+See the file "epolicy.txt" for a more complete explanation of la lojbangirz. electronic distribution policy. We ask that users of these files consider donating money for the support of The Logical Language Group, Inc. We are a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and such donations are tax-deductible in the US, to the extent they exceed the price of things we send you. While it costs us little for you to get a copy of the files on this archive, the network is not free. la lojbangirz. spent some $2000 during 1991 on network access, supporting Lojban List, this archive, and responding to people like you. We do not make a profit on our printed materials, so it is your donations that will allow us to continue to serve the network community of Lojbanists and people curious about Lojban.
+The files listed following are the official postings of The Logical Language Group, Inc. on this server. All other postings should be considered unsanctioned, and possibly incorrect.
+Language design materials are explicitly listed here and in the documents themselves as being in the public domain. All other documents are copyrighted under the same heading listed above for this document.
+Note on file names. All file names ending with ".unf" may contain lines up to about 120 characters long. Original documents published by la lojbangirz. are formatted using longer than 80 character lines, and this wider line-length was determined to give a more readable text when that formatting was removed. File names ending with ".txt" are generally under 80 characters in width. Other file name extensions have no implication.
+Many files are compressed using a rather simplistic program that tabifies every 8 characters INCLUDING A SINGLE SPACE IN A 0 MOD 8 POSITION. We have since learned that some tab expanders will take a TAB in a 0 mod 8 position and expand it to 9 spaces instead of 1. This could cause you problems, which hopefully this notice will help you correct if it affects you. We consider this a failed experiment: when we next send data to PLS for uploading we will send files without the tab compression, but this may be a few months.
+The PLS has very limited disk space. la lojbangirz. has convinced Mark and Jerry to post much of the material we sent them, but they do not have room for all of it. In particular, back issues of JL and LK, and a LOT of Lojban text could not be posted. I want to see some or all of this material available, if only on a limited time basis. Therefore, in about 3 months, I will be asking Mark and Jerry to tell me the rates of access for Lojban directory files. Seldom accessed files may be deleted to allow us to make room for new stuff, as listed at the end of this document. So please don't delay too long if you want to get a copy of a file listed here.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! File Name
+! Bytes
+! Date
+! Description
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Control documents
+|-
+| readme
+| 7668
+| 01-09-92
+| A version of this index.
+|-
+| epolicy.txt
+| 2912
+| 10-09-91
+| The la lojbangirz. Electronic Distribution Policy
+|-
+| orderfrm.unf
+| 9497
+| 10-14-91
+| Current la lojbangirz. Product List & Order Form; Include Paper Postal Address on any order, please.
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Language Design Materials and Drafts
+|-
+| grammar.28
+| 64552
+| 10-11-91
+| Baselined Lojban Grammar - YACC version; Public Domain. Without explanatory text included in printed versions.
+|-
+| bnf.28
+| 7872
+| 10-11-91
+| EBNF form of the Baselined Lojban Grammar. Not verified. Public domain.
+|-
+| pronounc.unf
+| 9718
+| 10-14-91
+| Pronunciation guide. Public domain.
+|-
+| gismu.lst
+| 88717
+| 01-09-92
+| Baselined gismu list. Public domain. Expected to be superseded soon by a modified version of "logdata.raw", which will the be renamed "gismu.lst"
+|-
+| logdata.raw
+| 115603
+| 01-09-92
+| Lojban gismu (root word) draft update >80 characters wide
+|-
+| roget.lst
+| 40612
+| 10-14-91
+| gismu sorted by Roget category. Draft.
+|-
+| logdata3.cma
+| 88312
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban cmavo (structure word) list. Public domain. cmavo order >80 characters wide
+|-
+| logdata3.lex
+| 88312
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban cmavo (structure word) list. Public domain. selma'o (grammar category) order >80 characters wide
+|-
+| lehavla.alg
+| 2326
+| 10-14-91
+| Draft proposal for borrowing words.
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Introductory Materials in Suggested Order
+|-
+| loglan.txt
+| 8598
+| 10-14-91
+| Introduction and history for those familiar with other Loglan versions
+|-
+| brochure.eng
+| 62820
+| 10-14-91
+| Basic Lojban Brochure - formatted for electronic distribution
+|-
+| postbroc.txt
+| 28312
+| 10-14-91
+| An edited version of brochure.eng abbreviated so as to be more suitable for electronic transmission.
+|-
+| minilsne.txt
+| 30917
+| 10-16-91
+| Draft introductory Draft Lojban mini-lesson. Return answers to la lojbangirz. for correction.
+|-
+| overview.unf
+| 63143
+| 10-14-91
+| Overview of the language and intro. to specialized terminology
+|-
+| diagexam.unf
+| 10851
+| 10-09-91
+| Diagrammed Examples of Lojban Text (the original version of the one in JL16 - the new version will replace this file shortly, and is a much longer file)
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Teaching Materials and Detailed Discussion
+|-
+| useoldl1.txt
+| 15233
+| 10-14-91
+| How to use 1975 Loglan 1 to study Lojban (partially correct for 1989 version)
+|-
+| newrafsi.unf
+| 77773
+| 10-14-91
+| List of Lojban rafsi (combining forms) and how to make compounds (lujvo).
+|-
+| negation.unf
+| 127903
+| 10-14-91
+| Negation in Lojban. Many examples.
+|-
+| scrabble.unf
+| 6098
+| 10-14-91
+| Suggested game rules based on Lojban letter frequencies
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Why Lojban?
+|-
+| whylojb.txt
+| 198651
+| 10-14-91
+| General discussion on 'Why Lojban?' extracted from ju'i lobypli, Includes JCB on Sapir Whorf. Many contributors.
+|-
+| mactrans.txt
+| 12681
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban and machine translation by Patrick Juola
+|-
+| moody.txt
+| 18972
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban and other planned languages by Todd Moody
+|-
+| lojb_esp.txt
+| 180734
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban and Esperanto - JL discussions including comments from Donald Harlow and Lojban's 'Answer' to the '16 Rules'
+|-
+| lojling.txt
+| 18942
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban's relevance to linguistics and linguistics research
+|-
+| reply.txt
+| 38747
+| 10-14-91
+| 1991 Reply to Arnold Zwicky's 1969 "Language" Review of Loglan 1
+|-
+| netdisc.txt
+| 178912
+| 10-14-91
+| Extracted Network Discussions of Lojban and Sapir-Whorf - mostly 8-9/90
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Lojban Text
+|-
+| lordpray.unf
+| 7781
+| 10-14-91
+| Lojban Paternoster, updated to current language. A prosaic version.
+|-
+| style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" | Other materials
+|-
+| l1longrv.txt
+| 70543
+| 6-08-91
+| unpublished draft review - Loglan 1
+|}
+---------------------------------- --------------
+The following unofficial files are known to be in the lojban directory of the Planned Languages Server:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| brochure.french
+| 49403
+| 05-11-90
+| A French translation of a somewhat earlier version of the Lojban brochure.
+|-
+| Description
+| 2334
+| 01-09-92
+| The official PLS description file of all files in the Lojban directory. Not as detailed or as accurate as this file.
+|-
+| elecread.me
+| 815
+| 06-24-91
+| An obsolete version of this file that should soon be deleted
+|-
+| Index
+| 1280
+| 01-03-92
+| The file list you get in response to the command "index lojban"
+|-
+| lojbroch.e-o.tex
+| 69755
+| 09-12-91
+| The draft Esperanto translation of the Lojban brochure in brochure.eng Comments and suggestions welcome.
+|-
+| metflidjimao-vedsia
+| 23871
+| 12-19-90
+|
+|-
+| welding-shop
+| 27415
+| 12-19-90
+| Jim Carter's 1984 Loglan short story and English translation - not Lojban compatible nor consistent with the current TLI language, it is still one of the longest Loglan texts written originally in Loglan rather than in translation.
+|}
+=== Forthcoming Material we hope to post this year ===
+* 6 Draft Textbook Lessons - updated to 1992 language
+* New Draft Textbook Lesson 1
+* Esperanto Translation of Lojban Brochure - Official Release (the unofficial "lojbroch.e-o.tex" above is a draft version of this release)
+* Glossary of Lojban/linguistic terminology
+* Lojban and Sapir-Whorf Bibliography
+* Lojban and Prolog demonstration example from JL16
+* Lojban gismu etymologies
+* Rebaselined gismu list
+* Revisions to the Lojban mini-lesson
+* the JL16 version of the Diagrammed Summary of Lojban
+* Synopsis of Lojban Orthography, Phonology, Morphology - updated to 1992
+* tense paper - introduction to Lojban tense structures
+* attitudinal paper - updated to 1992
+* logical connectives paper - introduction to logical and nonlogical connectives
+* MEX paper - Lojban expression of mathematical text
+* lerfu paper - expressing alphabets and special symbols in Lojban
+* (papers are planned to cover other aspects of the Lojban grammar and will also be posted as available)
+* All published Lojban text; Not updated to current language. Mostly translated & with commentary. Probably with some kind of difficulty and quality grading to help you choose appropriate materials.
+=== Abbreviated instructions for the PLS server ===
+To make the archive server do something you should send an electronic mail message to:
+langserv@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu
+Use a null subject line. The body of the message should consist of one command per line. The case of the text does not matter. Note, however, that the server runs on a UNIX system, and thus, for filenames, the case DOES matter, so be sure the files you request are properly capitalized.
+You can find out what files are available with the command "index lojban".
+path <mail-path>
+"Path" is used to override the mail path that the archive server chooses from the header of your mail message. You should use this whenever you know that the return address of your message will not be useful to the archive server. The archive server only knows about domain style address.
+e.g. path jbaltz@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu
+send <archive> <file..>
+"Send" mails to you the files in the specified archive. All of the files that you request will be sent to you archived together possibly encoded and split up into messages that are small enough to be mailed. You may have as many "sends" in the body of your mail message as you wish.
+e.g. send lojban logdata.raw
+By default, files that are mailable are simply stuck together with the text "cut here" between files and; non-mailable files are archived via Unix "tar". Non-mailable files must be converted to something mailable. By default this is done with "uuencode". Some large or long-lined Lojban files may be considered non-mailable, and you will need to run the companion program "uudecode" which will decode a message that was encrypted using "uuencode". This is a standard Unix command; Unix users should see your system administrator if you don't know how to do this. On MS-DOS machines, there are a variety of utility versions of the decoding tool; we have no information about other computer system versions.
+=== Logfest 92 ===
+Because of Athelstan's injury and other schedule problems, we have delayed LogFest 92, la lojbangirz.'s annual meeting and gathering of Lojbanists until August. The planned date for this gathering here in Fairfax VA, is August 14-17, 1992. If you're interested in coming, and especially if you will be travelling from out-of-town, please let us know. As usual, we can accommodate several out-of-town visitors as sleeping-bag guests here at Bob and Nora's house. You can get here via subway from all major transportation services into Washington DC, and you're unlikely to need a rental car. Thus, it's a cheap weekend of Lojban fun - we ask only that attendees donate around $25-$40 or whatever to cover food costs for the weekend.
+Originally, LogFest was planned for the last weekend in June (June 26-28, 1992). Because some people already made plans to come in from out-of-town, we will dedicate that weekend to Lojban activities as well, and others are invited to come, too, making in effect a second LogFest this summer. This first gathering in June will be informal; since there will be no formal meeting, there should be plenty of time for a variety of Lojban activities, especially activities for new people who want to get started in learning the language. Let us know if you are planning to come, so we can make plans.
+=== Language Development Status ===
+The language has been quite stable in the last several months. With the breakup of the USSR, we have added cultural gismu for "Ukrainian" and "Slavic". There have been a few cmavo additions, and one or two deletions in connection with work by John Cowan on papers describing the Lojban tense system, mathematical language, and representation of foreign alphabets.
+Far more significant has been those papers themselves, which have greatly refined the specificity of the language definition in three areas that have not been much used by people trying to use Lojban. John is continuing to work on papers, which, added to (updated versions of) the negation and attitudinal papers that were done before he started, will eventually amount to a complete and detailed description of the language.
+People have been justifiably frustrated by the continuing delay in textbook and dictionary publication. However, this state should not stop most people from being able to learn and use Lojban. Indeed, with the possible exception of Esperanto (and only then because so much has been written about it in 100 years), it can safely be said that Lojban is by far the most thoroughly defined artificial language that has ever existed. And we continue to refine that definition - not so much because people need such details to learn the language, but because linguists and computer researchers seeking to use Lojban for applications need as much detail as possible to plan research activities.
+The final development activities of significance are those that are tied to preparation of the first Lojban book, which is a proto-dictionary and reference book. Preparing this book has required a complete and detailed review of the gismu list place structures, trying to make them as clear and detailed as possible, given limited space. There also were some place structure changes needed as a result of the 'sumti-raising' change discussed last issue, and also as a result of other design decisions made over the last few years. We also wanted to add in multiple English synonyms where applicable, so that the English side of the resulting dictionary will no longer be limited to the sometimes-inaccurate unique English keywords that the gismu list currently is based on. In a few cases, actual usage has pointed up a need for change, either because the place structure was too vaguely defined for use, or because the sumti values that were required for some place structure places were too difficult to specify for 'real' language use. As a result, there are a lot of little changes to the working draft versions of the gismu list. The final draft is expected to go out for review within a couple of weeks after this issue is mailed (over 1100 of the 1400 Lojban entries were completed and verified at this writing). After a few weeks for that review, the first book will be assembled and published.
+=== Weekend Meeting ===
+We finally knew for sure that the design of the language was solidified after an all-weekend meeting that took place January 18-20, 1992. John Cowan came to town, and several of us met, settling nearly all open design questions. Following is a more thorough report on that meeting, what happened, and what design decisions took place. Attendees included Bob LeChevalier (lojbab), John Cowan, Nora LeChevalier, Athelstan, and Sylvia Rutiser, with pc joining in by phone a couple of times.
+The original agenda included:
+* A 2nd review of papers on the Lojban tense system and MEX (mathematical expressions) system, with the intent of having them ready, if possible, for publication with JL16.
+* Nora and John have been working on a formal statement of the Lojban morphology algorithm, and some issues needed resolution and decision.
+* Deciding on all open cmavo questions, to allow a baseline of that list.
+* Reviewing all open comments on the place structures and definitions of gismu
+* Review of the progress in switching JL over to a subscription basis and the current fundraising drive
+* Preliminary decisions on book publishing
+* Determining a policy on efforts by Dave Cortesi, Bob Chassell, and others to put together Lojban reference books.
+* Including John in a Lojban conversation session (he has never before been able to participate in one, since no one else in the NYC area seems to be actively studying).
+John arrived late Friday night, and we started the weekend right by talking till 4 AM. Athelstan arrived about 2 AM to join the party. Most of Saturday was spent socializing and discussing business matters, and various minor issues, and reviewing the tense paper. Saturday night, we again quit late, around 5 AM this time, with everyone rising in time to be fully awake for the Lojban conversation session. That ended up starting late, but the 5 of us participated in fairly lively discussion for about 2 hours. John had no real trouble following what was said, and throwing his own comments in. We then talked in English for about an hour until Sylvia and Athelstan had to leave.
+After dinner, we started on place structures, and kept going until 5 AM again. We resumed around 11 AM, and kept cranking till 5 AM Tues. morning. Athelstan was there for all of Monday's discussions, Nora lasted until 10:30 PM, since she had to work on Tuesday. There was a long conversation with pc in the afternoon to resolve issues that he needed a voice/vote in. Monday evening, we took a break from the x1's and x2's of place structures to work on the x's and y's of MEX.
+On Tuesday, John and I woke around 11 AM, and kept talking till I dropped him at the bus station around 1 PM. Whew! Everything accomplished.
+Now here is the summary of effects:
+==== Grammar ====
+The grammar is of course baselined and frozen until we make updates and republish it in the Lojban books. Because we want the books to reflect the grammar after the books are done, we do our writing based on that next revision of the grammar. There are now 15 minor changes planned for that revision, all but 4 being extensions to the language. When we write and publish materials in JL, they should be in accordance with the current baseline. Next- baseline grammar changes will only be used in the unlikely circumstance that something needs to be phrased using a construct that is now illegal, but which would be allowed under the new grammar. Because we want people to stick with the current baseline, we are not going to distribute or talk much more about the next one until it is ready for adoption (at the time of publication of the first book), but people who have an early need for the information can request it. I will summarize the changes in store so people know what is going on:
+# correction of a precedence error, so that EK+KE and GIhEK+KE bind more tightly than other connective structures;
+# adding JEK+BO to parallel BO connective structures for other logical connectives;
+# permitting free modifiers in several new places;
+# adding selma'o ZEI to support a morphology algorithm change (see below);
+# permitting "GEK sentence GI observative";
+# in the current baseline grammar, it is impossible to use a PA+MAI free-modifier after a number even though it is apparently grammatically legal: the number will absorb the added PA values because there is no implicit "BOI" at the end of these numbers. The problem was fixed by reworking the rules specifying how free modifiers attach to numbers so that BOI can be added to separate them.
+# after long analysis, the relative-modifier logical connective selma'o ZIhE was determined not to be especially useful as a logical connective, and the group has been stripped down to the single word "zi'e", which now simply indicates the attachment of multiple relative modifiers to a single sumti. The multiple logical connective grammar rules that were present for ZIhE were stripped down to a single rule supporting simple connection;
+# allowing I+BO-initial sentences at the beginning of text;
+# allowing NAI at the beginning of text;
+# allowing any kind of JOI non-logical connectives to be used in forethought, in parallel with forethought causal connectives: JOI GI construct GI construct;
+# POhO, which has been required at the end of incomplete sentences, will be eliminated; POhO was added at one point due to problems found in some versions of YACC (including the one we were using) that caused a parser to falsely declare an ambiguity in such incomplete sentences. POhO has been shown to no longer be necessary;
+# NIhE, one of the converters used to integrate MEX with the rest of the grammar, now permits an entire complex selbri construct to be converted;
+# NAhE is disallowed in forethought 'termsets'. The rule permitting it had been erroneously generated from a similar structure. Contrary negation of a termset is not defined in the negation paper.
+# Multiple I and/or I+BO are permitted at the beginning of text (a benefit primarily for those who stutter);
+# Allow SE conversions of abstract and negated selbri without KE/KEhE parentheses.
+If that list doesn't make a lot of sense, don't worry about it. These truly are abstruse 'little' changes in the grammar that are unlikely to affect anyone's conversation and writing very much, if at all.
+==== Morphology ====
+John and Nora have resolved all open issues regarding the morphology algorithm, and it is included in JL16 for final review before publication in the reference book. Problems included strings of vowels and lujvo involving le'avla. Since the morphology is baselined, technically any change is a baseline change, but all changes being considered are in areas not well-defined in the existing informal 'Synopsis' that describes the morphology. Highlights (again, these are post-book baseline features.):
+* Adding selma'o ZEI, with only cmavo "zei", will eliminate various other schemes of making lujvo using le'avla, all of which involved either tricky stress/- pronunciation problems or had potential breakdowns of a nature similar to the 'Tosmabru test' used in regular lujvo. The result would have been rules so unintuitively complicated as to make them impractical to use on-the-fly, when most such compounds will be made. ZEI is processed in advance of lexer rules (as is BU for lerfu and ZO, LOhU, ZOI, SI, SA, and SU) as part of the metalinguistic grammar. It causes one word immediately before it and one word immediately after it to be considered joined into a single construct equivalent to a BRIVLA. With the exception of some of those metalinguistic cmavo just listed, any Lojban word can be so joined to any other, allowing lujvo to be based on cmavo that have no rafsi, as well as le'avla. Many-part le'avla lujvo will have a ZEI between each pair of terms. Regular gismu and lujvo may also be used as terms in a ZEI lujvo.
+* cmavo space is now recognized to include certain structures with 0 or 1 consonant, followed by more than two vowels, with apostrophe used between every pair (except when diphthongs occur). Thus "zo'o'o'o" could be a legal cmavo (with an obvious meaning of a more intense humor?) These will not be considered for defined use, but are added to the experimental cmavo space. The grammar will treat all experimental and undefined cmavo as if they were members of UI.
+* When one word ends in a vowel, and the following begins with one, a pause, and not a glide, must be used to pronounce them. This confirms the original design decision. Actual usage has been that some UI members have not been separated from each other and other vowels by pauses, and this was determined to be too difficult for the resolver to handle, so it remains forbidden. An example is ".ua.ui" which has been pronounced "/wah,wee/", but must be pronounced as "/wah.wee/". An example showing the problems that can result is ".ui.iu", which if pronounced without a pause is indistinguishable from ".ui,u".
+* Names will be permitted to have "la", "lai", and "doi" in them WHEN PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT. This means that the 'd' or 'l' must be the at-least-2nd in a consonant cluster such that the preceding letter and the d/l form a permissible cluster, or are initial at the beginning of a word. This means that a name "zdoil." or "jdoil." is legal, and every consonant except another "l" is permitted before "la" and "lai". Thus while "*nort.kerolainas." remains illegal, it can easily be changed to "nort.kerlainas.". This will then allow a certain erroneous comic strip to be corrected, by naming the cat "mlat.", "*lat." remaining illegal. It also corrects the embarrassment that the other English name of the language - "loglan." - has been an illegal name in "lojban."
+* Names are formally restricted from having impermissible medial consonant clusters in them. The most significant effect of this is to require the name "*djeimz." to be changed, since "mz" is not a permissible medial. "djeimyz." is acceptable.
+==== cmavo ====
+The following cmavo changes are made. Note that one the cmavo, "zei", has grammar contingent upon the next baseline. It will be in the next draft of the cmavo list anyway, even though the current grammar will not handle it.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| zei
+| ZEI
+| lujvo glue
+| joins preceding and following word into a lujvo
+|-
+| ne'o
+| VUhU
+| factorial
+| reassigned from "zei" to make room for above
+|-
+| bu'u
+| FAhA
+| coincident with
+| space/time tense equivalent of CA
+|-
+| be'a
+| FAHA
+| north of
+| from "berti"
+|-
+| ne'u
+| FAhA
+| south of
+| from "snanu"
+|-
+| du'a
+| FAhA
+| east of
+| from "stuna"
+|-
+| vu'a
+| FAhA
+| west of
+| parallel with "du'a"
+|}
+(these are added for compatibility with languages/cultures that use a fixed reference frame for directions instead of a speaker-based one. A secondary if trivial advantage is that a Lojban wind-vane is more interesting, instead of having the letters B-S-S-S for the four cardinal points.)
+{|
+|-
+| voi
+| NOI
+| descriptive
+| clause non-veridical restrictive clause used to form complicated le- like descriptions using "ke'a"
+|}
+This is in a way similar to "goi"/GOI, but used with clauses (bridi) on the right. It defines a sumti on the left as being the thing the speaker has in mind which fills "ke'a" in the clause. Nick Nicholas asked for this in connection with an alternate approach to sumti-raising that he prefers to "tu'a". Example:
+{|
+|-
+| ko'a
+| voi
+| lenu ke'a cisma
+| cu
+| pluka
+| mi
+| cu
+| zutse
+|-
+| The it1
+| whose
+| smiling
+|
+| pleases
+| me
+|
+| sits.
+|-
+| colspan="8" | The one whose smile pleases me is sitting down.
+|}
+{| class="wikitable
+|-
+| to'a
+| BY
+| lower case shift
+| reassigne d from current "voi"; from "tordu"
+|-
+| ma'e
+| BAI
+| of material
+| used to add a material to a bridi more specific than the existing "seta'i"; from "marji"
+|-
+| de'a
+| ZAhO
+| pausitive event contour
+| for a temporary halt and ensuing pause in a process; from "denpa"
+|-
+| di'a
+| ZAhO
+| resumptive even t contour
+| for resumption of a paused process
+|}
+Example:
+{|
+|-
+| mi
+| de'a
+| citka
+| ca
+| lenu la
+| noras.
+| tavla
+|-
+| I
+| pausitively
+| eat
+| while
+|
+| Nora
+| talks.
+|-
+| colspan="7" | I stop eating while Nora talks.
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| vu'i
+| LUhI
+| the sequence
+| converts other sumti types to sequences, even if the order is vague
+|-
+| va'u
+| BAI
+| benefited by
+| indication of a beneficiary when formulated as "seva'u" = "for the benefit of"; from "xamgu" (replaces a useful function of the word "du'a", deleted last year as an English-biased member of BAI)
+|-
+| bi'u
+| BAhE
+| de-emphasize next
+| the reverse of "ba'e" which emphasizes the next word - added in emulation of a similar function word in the Mongolian language Dagur
+|-
+| ce'a
+| LAU
+| font shift
+| change of selma'o; indicates that the following character specifies a new font (e.g. italic, block print, or manuscript). Supersedes old "ce'a" and "pe'e" which were too limited; the latter is now unassigned.
+|}
+(In addition, the grammar changes described above also freed up po'o, zi'a, zi'i, zi'o, and zi'u.)
+remaining unassigned (27):
+bi'a bi'e bu'o (bo'a bo'e bo'i bo'o bo'u) ce'e ce'u ci'a do'i ja'u ju'e mi'i na'a ne'e pe'e po'o re'u te'i va'e vu'o zi'a zi'i zi'o zi'u
+==== gismu ====
+The following two gismu are proposed for addition to the baselined list, and will be adopted pending no objection:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| vukro
+| vuk vu'o
+| Ukrainian
+| x1 pertains to the Ukrainian language/- culture/nation in aspect x2
+|-
+| slovo
+| lov
+| Slavic
+| x1 pertains to Slavic languages/culture/- ethnos in aspect x2
+|-
+| (lovle'u
+|
+| Cyrillic
+| x1 is a letter of Cyrillic alphabet symbolizing x2)
+|}
+These have been reviewed by Ivan Derzhanski, as our only active native-Slavic Lojbanist. The breakup of the Soviet Union, has made Ukraine a large country with a Russian speaker base, one with a Slavic language of its own and a nationalistic interest in being clearly distinct from Russia and the ex-Soviet Union. (The definition of "softo" is being broadened to cover the old Russian empire and the new Commonwealth, but remains tied to the keyword 'Soviet' because there really is no other distinct word.) Our standards for cultural gismu clearly put Ukraine in the group that should have a gismu. (The other republics, except Russia itself, will be covered with le'avla.)
+With two Slavic peoples represented, the family name also requires a gismu (as "semto" exists to cover Hebrew and Arabic commonalties). As shown, this gismu will also be used to generate a lujvo for "Cyrillic", a better choice than "rusko" or "softo" for making a lujvo for that concept, anyway.
+==== Keyword changes ====
+The following constitute baseline changes, even though there is no significant change of meaning. They will be considered adopted unless there is objection.
+All metric prefixes currently have keywords of the form:
+ megdo     10E6
+It has been pointed out that this does not conform to most exponential notations. The keywords will be globally changed to use "1" instead of "10" giving:
+ megdo     1E6
+The following are being changed to make them consistent with other culture words by referring to the culture rather than to the defining element of the culture.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| budjo
+| Buddhist
+| x1 pertains to the Buddhist culture/- religion/nation in aspect x2
+|-
+| dadjo
+| Taoist
+| x1 pertains to the Taoist culture/religion/nation in aspect x2
+|-
+| jegvo
+| Jehovist
+| x1 pertains to culture/religion of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic deity in aspect x2
+|-
+| xriso
+| Christian
+| x1 pertains to the Christian culture/- religion/nation in aspect x2
+|}
+The change in keyword of "mukti" to "motive", part of the last baseline change, did not get into the Planned Languages Server file for some reason, along with appropriate definition wording changes. Some copies of LogFlash were distributed with this change omitted.
+==== rafsi ====
+"du" will be added to the list as a result of being assigned the rafsi "dub" and "du'o". "selci" is being given "sle" from "selfu", which in turn will be given "sef" from "sefta". (Since the January meeting, we have compiled a list of all lujvo used thus far in Lojban text. This will be used to generate a more accurate tuning of the rafsi assignments to reflect expected usage. A few additional rafsi changes are likely to result, and will appear in the completed book.
+==== Place structures ====
+We cannot list all of the place structure changes and definition changes being made for the new baselined list. Based on decisions at the weekend meeting, about 20% of the words will have some change from the draft "logdata.raw" list posted to the PLS and distributed to advance recipients of the new LogFlash (We were BUSY!). Most of these are minor and clarifying. (The complete review that Bob is doing while typing in these changes has resulted in many more minor changes, mostly clarifications in wording).
+Some general notes:
+* Bob Chassell proposed a large set of synonyms be listed; these are being added to the definition field to make computer searches of the list easier. These synonyms will also show up in the dictionary as additional English entries.
+* A clarification of sets and masses and sequences and their roles as place holders in bridi caused many changes in wording. All places where these have been identified as likely placeholders have been examined and will be identified if space permits.
+* Several 'properties' gismu which are generally considered subjective, have gained a 'by standard' place. The standard may only the personal one of the observer, whatever that may be. Colors are NOT included in this change.
+* More care is being taken with 'under conditions' places. In many cases, an 'under conditions' place may be appropriate to some event/state within a single place of a bridi, rather than applying to the main bridi itself.
+* The use of "du'u" abstractions is clearly distinguished in place structures dealing with truths. Some places dealing with knowledge and truth have been cleft paralleling the "djuno" place structure change in JL15.
+* All known cleft place structures have been reviewed, with more than half eliminated by putting an event clause in x1. A few, such as "simlu", are remaining cleft, but are worded so as to suggest "ka" property abstractions instead of events in the cleft abstraction place.
+The following are particularly significant changes in meaning. Since there is no keyword change, these are not considered relevant to the baseline; place structures have never been frozen. The wording is abbreviated and approximate, and there may be further changes before the list is finally frozen. For now, however, this will clarify the meanings of many words, and should give a good idea as to the nature of the most major changes being made.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+| balvi
+| x1 is in the future of/- later than/after x2 in time (ONLY; cf. lidne)
+|-
+| bilni
+| x1 is military/- regimented/strongly organized/prepared by system x2 for purpose x3
+|-
+| caxno
+| (paralleling condi below)
+|-
+| cfari
+| x1 (nu) commences/- begins/initiates/starts (intransitive) [no change, but cf. sisti)
+|-
+| cimde
+| x1 is a dimension of space/object x2 according to rules/model x3
+|-
+| clupa
+| x1 is a loop/circuit in/of material x2 defined by (set of points) x3
+|-
+| cmavo
+| x1 is a structure word having grammar exemplified by word x2 with meaning function x3 in language x4
+|-
+| condi
+| x1 is deep in extent in x2 (ka) at locus x3 away from observation point x4 by standard x5
+|-
+| cpare
+| x1 climbs/clambers/- crawls/creeps on surface x2 in direction x3 using x4 (tools, limbs)
+|-
+| danfu
+| x1 is the answer/- response to question x2
+|-
+| dargu
+| x1 is a road with route x2
+|-
+| fancu
+| x1 is a function/single- value mapping from domain x2 to range x3 defined by rules x4
+|-
+| fasnu
+| x1 is an event that happens/occurs
+|-
+| flalu
+| x1 is a law specifying x2 (nu) for community x3 (mass) under conditions x4 by law-giver x5
+|-
+| funca
+| x1 (nu) is determined by the luck/fortune of/for x2
+|-
+| gasnu
+| x1 is agent in event x2; x1 'does' x2
+|-
+| gradu
+| x1 (magnitude) is a unit/degree of/on scale/- reference standard x2 (idea/- si'o) measuring x3 (ka)
+|-
+| gunma
+| x1 is a mass/team/is together, of components x2 considered jointly
+|-
+| jbini
+| x1 is between/among set of boundaries x2 in x3 (ka)
+|-
+| jdika
+| x1 is decreased/reduced in x2 (ka) by amount x3 (no change but cf. zenba)
+|-
+| kancu
+| x1 counts the number in set x2 to be x3 (ni/number) in units x4
+|-
+| karli
+| x1 is a collar surrounding x2 of material x3
+|-
+| krefu
+| x1 is a recurrence/- repetition of x2 (nu) for the x3th (ni/number) time; x1 happens again
+|-
+| kusru
+| x1 (person) is cruel/- mean to x2
+|-
+| lacpu
+| x1 pulls/tugs/drags x2 by handle at locus x3
+|-
+| lafti
+| x1 lifts/applies lift to x2 at locus x3
+|-
+| lidne
+| x1 leads/precedes x2 in sequence x3
+|-
+| naxle
+| (paralleling dargu above)
+|-
+| pajni
+| x1 judges/is a judge determining/deciding matter x2 (ka/ni/jei abstraction) (estimate/evaluate)
+|-
+| panra
+| x1 is parallel to x2 in property/pattern x3 by standard/geometry x4
+|-
+| pikta
+| x1 is a ticket entitling x2 to privilege/entitlement x3 (nu) under conditions x4
+|-
+| platu
+| x1 plans/designs/plots plan/plot/arrangement x2 for state/process x3
+|-
+| porsi
+| x1 (sequence) is sequenced/ordered by comparison/rules x2 on set (unordered) x3
+|-
+| prami
+| (paralleling xebni below)
+|-
+| prina
+| x1 (agent) prints x2 on x3 using tool x4
+|-
+| purci
+| (paralleling balvi above)
+|-
+| ritli
+| x1 is a rite/ceremony/- ritual/is formal(legal) for purpose x2 under custom x3, under rules/form x4
+|-
+| selci
+| x1 is a cell/atom/- molecule/unit of x2; x1 is an indivisible basic subunit of x2 (cf. English 'atom')
+|-
+| simlu
+| x1 appears to have property x2 to x3 under conditions x4
+|-
+| sirji
+| x1 is straight/direct/- line segment/interval between x2 and x3
+|-
+| sisti
+| x1 (agent) ceases/- stops/halts doing/being x2 (cf. cfari WHICH IS DIFFERENT)
+|-
+| skiji
+| x1 is a ski/skid/skate/- runner for surface x2 (for) supporting skier/skater/sled/- cargo x3
+|-
+| suksa
+| x1 (nu) is sudden/abrupt at stage/achievement x2 in process x3; x1 (ka) suddenly changes at point x2 over interval x3
+|-
+| talsa
+| x1 (person) challenges x2 in x3 (ka)
+|-
+| trene
+| x1 is a train (segmented-vehicle) of cars/- units (mass/sequence) in system/railroad/of owners x3
+|-
+| trina
+| x1 attracts/lures x2 (person/action) with x3 (ka)
+|-
+| venfu
+| x1 (person(s)) takes revenge on/retaliates against x2 (person(s)) for wrong x3 (nu) with vengeance x4 (nu)
+|-
+| vorme
+| x1 is a door/gate between x2 and x3 of/in/- through structure x4
+|-
+| xamsi
+| x1 is an ocean/sea/- gulf/atmosphere of planet x2 of fluid x3
+|-
+| xanri
+| x1 (si'o) exists in the imagination of/is imagined by/is imaginary/unreal to x2
+|-
+| xebni
+| x1 hates x2 (object/- abstract)
+|-
+| xendo
+| (paralleling kusru above)
+|-
+| xlura
+| x1 (agent) influences x2 into action/event/state x3 by influence/threat/lure x4 (cf. trina)
+|-
+| xrani
+| x1 (nu) injures/harms/- damages victim x2 in property x3 resulting in injury x4 (za'i/ka)
+|-
+| zarci
+| x1 is a market/store/- exchange/marketplace selling x2 operated by x3/with participants x3 (mass agent)
+|-
+| zenba
+| x1 is increased/- augmented in x2 (ka/ni) by amount x3 (parallels with jdika)
+|-
+| zukte
+| x1 is an 'entity' employing means x2 for/towards end/purpose/goal x3
+|}
+John Cowan writes the following as further explanation of the set/mass/sequence/individuals changes:
+One of the aims of the place structure review was to examine all the place structures that were labeled "(plural/set)" to see whether an actual set was wanted, or merely one or more individuals. In addition, sometimes a mass seemed to be the right thing. The new place structures which Lojbab is typing up will contain a good deal of clarification.
+Essentially, a true set is required if the relationship does not hold of each member but only of the totality. For example, "kampu", "cnano", and "fadni" are all relationships between a set and one of its members (or a property thereof). If I am typical of ("cnano") the set of persons, that doesn't mean that the relation "typical-of" holds between me and every individual person -- indeed, the idea of one person being typical of another makes no sense.
+On the other hand, we decided that "casnu" should have a mass, rather than either a set or plural individuals, in its x1 place. People may "casnu", or participate in a discussion, even though not all of them say anything.
+In many cases, "(plural/set)" came up where "between" or "among" was involved. Most of these we tried to reword to avoid the problem, which often resulted from excess generality. Thus a wall now separates exactly two things, and a door connects exactly two. (A wall may separate multiple pairs of things - my house from yours, my property from yours, Country 1 from Country 2 - all at once, but the relationship is still pairwise.)
+In addition, the phrase "ordered set" was changed throughout to "sequence", and the place structure of "porsi" is now something like "x1 is a sequence of the members of set x2 ordered by rules x3". Sequences do not have the same level of support in Lojban as individuals, masses, and sets; however, we have long had the non-logical connective "ce'o" which constructs them item by item. In addition, we added "vu'i", a converter of selma'o LUhI, transforming a set into a sequence, as well as individuals into a sequence-in-extension.
+It now seems that "fa'u", the non-logical connective for "respectively", may be taken to generate a sequence-in-extension, thus:
+{|
+|-
+| mi
+| fa'u
+| do
+| se
+| cmene
+| zo
+| djan.
+| fa'u
+| zo
+| lojbab.
+|-
+| (I
+| respectively-with
+| you)
+| are-
+| benamed
+|
+| ("John"
+| respectively-with
+|
+| "Lojbab").
+|}
+Using ".e" logical connection will not do, as that would claim that each of us is named both "John" and "Lojbab".
+=== Status of Products ===
+We have a lot of products in the works, and a few of them are done or nearly done. More significantly perhaps, several new products have been identified, and are in progress and in some cases near completion. The variety of Lojban products continues to multiply as new people get involved in its development.
+One is of course the Diagrammed Summary of Lojban Grammar, included as an insert in this issue. This will form the major language explanatory text about the language for our introductory package. The Overview will be recast to talk mostly about the ideas of the language and not the grammar, and a glossary will be added. Eventually, this package will be assembled into one of our several book publications. Now for the other products:
+Mini-Lesson - Athelstan set the material of his "Lojban Mini-Lesson", an hour-long presentation, down in text last summer and fall before his accident. We distributed draft copies electronically (the draft is available on the PLS - see above), and some two dozen people from 6 different countries have tried it and sent comments. Alas the revision effort was only partially done when the accident occurred, so the mini-lesson, planned for this issue and at one time an excuse for its delay, isn't yet ready.
+People have in general found the mini-lesson to be a very good introduction to the language, as they found Athelstan's oral presentation similarly useful. Alas, on paper it takes a good deal more than an hour to work through. People have generally said that there are too many exercises and too few examples. A few of the examples and explanations are perhaps too oriented to English-native speakers, but we haven't figured a good way to correct that.
+Given the accident, it is likely that I (Bob) will have to finish the revision, and it will thus not be ready until JL17 or even JL18. The revised mini-lesson will also form part of the introductory package.
+LogFlash - We have released the new version of LogFlash described in the last several issues. Both LogFlash 1 (gismu) and LogFlash 3 (cmavo) are being successfully used by several people.
+For those who want to learn rafsi, the older combined LogFlash 1/2 will continue to be available (LogFlash 2 teaches rafsi) until a new version is created - a new version of LogFlash 2 will be more difficult to develop than the other programs because the type of testing used in lessons is more diverse. The lujvo-making program will also be incorporated into the next revision of LogFlash 2. The priority of this revision depends primarily on people being interested in obtaining it - if you are ready to start using this program, or expect that you will be within 6 months, let us know and Nora will put more effort into this upgrade. The files for the old version are not being updated, hence several newly-added rafsi assignments and the couple of changes that have been made are not reflected in this old version. This has not proven to be a significant limitation.
+There are two 'problems' with the current release, neither of which prevents effective use. The first is that we've had no time to rewrite the user documentation. There are now an enormously increased number of user-selectable features in LogFlash, and documentation is needed to intelligently choose among them. You can experiment or ask - most of these functions are self-explanatory as to how they work, and playing around is not damaging to your learning effectiveness (though it can be time consuming given the number of options). However, explaining when and why each option is intended to be used takes a bit of work. Luckily, Nora has made the program effectively self-channelled - the default option at each menu choice progresses you through fairly optimal usage. I'd like to promise the documentation soon, but I'll have to admit that it keeps getting shoved off for other priorities. When more people start buying the program, we will of course put high priority on completing the support documentation, and it will be available free-of-charge to those of you who have done without until then.
+The other 'problem' is that because of the above-mentioned revision of the gismu list, especially affecting place structures, the version of the list we are giving out at any particular time is subject to changes. These changes don't generally affect the learning process since place structures are provided for information purposes only, but since the lists being distributed are unofficial, people receiving them need to be fore-warned. Again, we will make updated files available to those who purchase copies now, probably at the time the first book is released.
+The instability of the word files affects LogFlash 3 a bit more significantly because we are more freely changing words and keywords, as well as making a small number of additions and deletions to the cmavo list. The changes being made are typically minor, however, enough that we can finally feel comfortable in recommending that people use LogFlash 3 without too much fear of having to do a lot of relearning due to changes.
+MacLojFlash - Both versions of LogFlash for the Apple MacIntosh are being updated for the new data files. Each version already had some of the features now incorporated into the original MS-DOS version, and will probably add new ones to keep the different versions roughly comparable in capabilities. The Hypercard Mac version by Dave Cortesi is being upgraded to Hypercard II; Richard Kennaway's original MAC version doesn't use Hypercard, is somewhat faster, but does not have voice synthesis of the words, and supports both the gismu and cmavo lists in one program. Richard's program is basically ready, awaiting only reasonably final word files. (Our difficulties in supporting the Mac continue, and we aren't going to release incremental in-progress Mac versions of the word-lists as we are doing with the original program.) The Mac programs are liable to be cheaper than the MS-DOS versions, partly because of the lower quality of support that we have been able to provide.
+Serious Volunteers Sought for LogFlash Research - The new version of LogFlash (MS-DOS version only) is instrumented for research into how well people learn Lojban words. This finally allows testing of the 'word recognition scores' that were the basis of Loglan/Lojban word-making ever since the project started in the 1950s, as well as formally verifying the effectiveness of the LogFlash technique.
+We are looking for volunteers to use LogFlash in learning the Lojban vocabulary. At this point we have no constraint on who can volunteer, as long as you can state more or less honestly that you don't yet know much of the Lojban gismu vocabulary. Later on, we will have to add restrictions to ensure that our statistics are valid, but for now we are looking for patterns in the learning of individuals.
+We have no funding for this experiment - we can't pay anyone to participate. You will even have to buy the copy of LogFlash that you use to learn the words, because we need the money to stay in business right now. What we can promise is that someone who volunteers AND STICKS WITH THE EXPERIMENT ENOUGH TO GIVE US USEFUL RESULTS will be credited afterwards for the price of LogFlash and any other Lojban teaching materials you buy to study while participating in the experiment. We'll also give priority (subject to our limited funds) for volunteers who need financial assistance to obtain Lojban materials.
+This isn't a lot to offer for a commitment of 3-7 hours a week for 4-8 months (probably 100-150 hours total, about the same as the homework time for a typical college class), but the work isn't hard, and you will be doing it anyway if you are planning on learning the language. We need is people who will use LogFlash more or less daily for at least 1/2 hour a day (preferably an hour - learning may go 3 times as fast or better, at this more intense study rate; you learn quicker, and the experiment is shorter and more likely to show expected results.)
+Other teaching products - We have contacted two firms that commercially produce language learning materials and gotten interest in assisting the Lojban project from each of them. One produces software that teaches you words and structures as you read a story or stories in Lojban (not a simplified text - you would learn to read most any Lojban text you come across). The other, International Learning Corporation, produces a series of materials called "The Learnables (tm)", which are books of cartoons and pictures associated with extensive tapes. These materials are used effectively in college classes.
+Both products have been recommended to us by more than one Lojbanist. Both organizations have indicated that they would be willing to license us to develop Lojban versions of their products at no cost to us other than the effort of developing the materials. The resulting materials should be extremely effective in teaching Lojban and offer the confidence of having been used effectively with other languages. The down-side of these materials is that they will probably be more expensive than our self-developed materials (for existing languages, the software package costs around $100 plus a small amount per story, while The Learnables costs around $45 for a book and 6 tapes, with 4 beginning and 4 advanced books covering the typical language - we can't promise to be able to sell Lojban materials for any less than the prices these organizations charge for other languages).
+These are significant opportunities to get awareness of Lojban out to a much larger audience, but we cannot justify the time to produce the materials unless there is some significant interest in the community in buying and using the resulting products. So we need to hear from you if you think you would buy the materials.
+Interlinear Glosser (and Parser) - This new project of Nora's stems from four unrelated problems. Because of the massive volume of Lojban text now being produced, Nora and I can no longer read and check it all - our own command of the language is not thorough enough for us to quickly check words and place structures, much less to comment the results thoroughly.
+People writing Lojban text tend to make word choice errors (e.g. lujvo-making errors, misspellings), and find it hard to catch these errors before 'inflicting' them on others. A simple computerized spelling checker cannot fully solve this (even if you can build a dictionary file easily) because nearly all possible cmavo and lujvo word-forms are plausibly valid words.
+In addition, people using the Lojban parser to check their work have found the outputs to be hard to use in an odd way. When there is an error, the parser tells you (approximately) where the error occurred, and you know where to look. If it finds no errors, the rather lengthy fully-parenthesized output contains complete grammatical structure information. Unfortunately, a lot of simple errors, including misspellings (noted above) and omitted terminators can lead to grammatically perfect text that means something quite different from what you intended. Reading the parser output to find such errors requires great care, as well as a certain sense of what types of errors to look for. It isn't being done too well, and people have found errors in text that seemed perfectly valid, even to the parser, when read carefully. (Though this might seem to be a threat to Lojban's viability as a understandable and logical language, the types of errors that are occurring seem to be of the types that fluent speakers wouldn't often make.)
+Finally, one of the easiest first steps towards the computer applications for which Lojban is especially suitable is a Lojban-to-English translator. Nora has long been interested in producing a simple form of such a translator, both for study of the problems of machine translation, and as an effective teaching tool. She first did a rudimentary translator, handling a subset of the grammar of single Loglan sentences, on a tiny TRS-80 home computer back in 1981. Updating this program to use with Lojban has been difficult, because the varieties of sentences that are typical for Lojban are much more numerous than for earlier Loglan versions.
+A few months ago, we discovered a free-ware program called "Shoebox" (Summer Institute of Linguistics) that produces interlinear glosses from one language to another, using a simple word look-up technique and a specially designed word database. Mark Shoulson and others have set up this program to produce quite pretty glosses for Lojban text, but the translation is rather difficult to read, even when you know Lojban grammar - the words that are substituted are the keywords of our word-lists, which are not intended necessarily to be good translations; there is no provision for lujvo compounds, even though they are quite regular; several cmavo have no valid English gloss because they serve purely grammatical roles; and finally, Lojban's predicate grammar means that you need to analyze the grammatical situation to know whether to interpret the English equivalent of a Lojban word as a noun, a verb, and adjective, or an adverb - Shoebox is not sufficiently tailored to Loglan/Lojban's unique regularities to take advantage of them to produce a readable output.
+Inspired by this, Nora started designing a grammar-smart interlinear glosser. Carl Burke has aided with some good design ideas, and the project is well underway. Indeed, the program already produces better glosses than the comparable Shoebox versions, even without many 'grammar smarts', because it recognizes Lojban word types, disassembles lujvo, recognizes numbers as a unit, and other simple Lojban-specific functions. It processes outputs from John Cowan's Lojban parser, separating a long text into separate sentences and other logical chunks for easier reading, and optionally retaining or deleting the structure bracketing and inserted elidable marker words that the parser provides in its output. We also have developed a 'dictionary' suited for this program.
+If there is demand, we can make the program available fairly shortly in its in-development form bundled with the parser (which it requires). We'll set a tentative price of $50 for the combination, partly because the program is incomplete; the final program may be more expensive. John Cowan's parser by itself is available for $25 (and may be available for some UNIX machines as well as MS-DOS). People who are writing a LOT of Lojban text, and sending it to us or posting it onto Lojban List, can probably convince us to provide a test version of either or both for free (especially if you cannot afford to pay for it) - we'd rather have you be checking your text before we get it rather than be doing it ourselves. The user documentation and support on these programs will be quite limited until the glosser is completed.
+We are making these programs available primarily because some people are already finding them useful, not because we believe they are optimal products yet - if you are working often with the language, the program limitations will not much hinder their usefulness. Also, frankly, we need people to contribute more for our support, and having new products to sell gives you something for your money besides the good feeling of contributing to keeping this project alive.
+The Cowan Papers, or "The Lojban Textbook Effort Grows Up" - 3 1/2 years ago (October 1988) I started to write a technical description and reference for Lojban. 40 pages and the first descriptive cmavo list were completed. Reviewers at that point basically told me that the text was not working - most people did not know the language well enough to use a reference that presumed basic knowledge of the grammar. The format was very poor as a teaching text. The result was the recommendation that I write a Lojban textbook.
+From January through June 1989, I wrote 6+ draft chapters of such a textbook while teaching the first Lojban class. About 150 people have gotten those lessons now, and a couple of dozen of these have studied the language well enough to write fairly effectively in the language. These draft lessons remain available and are the most thorough teaching materials we have for those trying to learn the language.
+Alas, the draft lessons, though they've 'aged well', remain incomplete. I stopped writing when we realized that the basic structure of the course was not working in the way we intended and it was getting harder and harder to write lessons that built constructively on what had gone before. The completed textbook would be over 1000 pages, and simply wasn't good enough to justify that much effort.
+I started a new draft in 1990, but it got only to page 50. Throughout 1990 and 1991, as others learned the language, the advances in teaching technique outstripped my writing ability. Indeed, under the able leadership of Nick Nicholas, the last year has shown a truly outstanding increase in the sophistication of our knowledge of Lojban expression, its style, and its semantics. But that evolution, and the dozens of little tiny changes in the corners of the language were stresses that hurt my confidence that I was teaching the language appropriately to the ways it is coming to be used. I've also spent too much time dealing with our unending financial problems and simply coordinating the rapid expansion of our organization.
+The reference materials of the language continued to evolve as well, and, although the language itself is quite stable, our published descriptions of the language have edged towards obsolescence. The gismu list place structures were too short and vague, but the words themselves were quite stable, as were the rafsi affixes. The cmavo list was nearly as stable, but incessant little changes in the grammar coupled with major advances of our knowledge of how to communicate in Lojban have made a simple list of cmavo inadequate. The YACC-based formal grammar has similarly been quite stable; there were little changes and we had to update the baseline a year later, and a new baseline will take place when the first book comes out (though the number of grammar change proposals in the second baseline year have been less than half of those in the first year).
+Since every example in the textbook must be accurate and consistent with the reference lists, the more examples I've put into the text, the shakier the result has become. Simply checking every example in the existing 6 chapters requires hours of work - the new textbook has several times as many examples for each key grammar point.
+In addition, the YACC grammar is not too well understood by those who aren't used to that type of grammar definition. There are a lot of trees, with no sense of the forest. The shorter EBNF form of the grammar is better for some people, but it is still formalized and difficult for non-computer people. An especial lack is a series of examples showing all the various structures of the grammar, and discussing why they were present.
+This lack of examples was a big hang-up in textbook writing, as well. I spent endless time trying to concoct meaningful examples of sentences that exemplified the points I was trying to make, which were limited in vocabulary, but still interesting. This is NOT my strong skill. Still, the 50 pages of the new draft textbook has dozens of examples and even more exercises.
+When John Cowan first became involved in Lojban, 2 years ago, his first promised goal was the rather ambitious one of writing an example sentence for every gismu. He then decided instead to write one sentence for every cmavo, covering every variety of grammatical usage.
+A nice ideal, but far too ambitious, as John found out. Some cmavo are permitted in a variety of usages but aren't pragmatically useful in most of them - at least not in a way that we English speakers can easily recognize. For example, it seems rather odd to contemplate the mathematical number "pi" treated like all other numbers and used as a digit, or to enumerate objects or events: "pi events of Mary going to the store" is irrational in more than one sense of the word.
+John's continuing work with the grammar has made him even more expert in its details than I am. He has performed the modifications to the YACC grammar for all the little changes of the last two years. In developing that expertise, he learned how thoroughly the language is defined, while how little of that design is yet set down on paper. He set to remedy this problem in the context of his previous goal, choosing to write a "selma'o catalog" that would list all the grammatical components of the language, giving explanations and examples of the use of each of them. Maybe he wouldn't find one example for every word in every grammatical context, but at least there would be an example of each such grammatical form, and the result would show how the rules of the grammar interacted in actual usage (as opposed to the arcane formulae of the YACC grammar).
+John spent several months on the selma'o catalog, and created a very nice document that a few people have used effectively to learn about the language structures. The document has remained a draft, though, for several reasons. Basically, though, John realized that his goal remained far beyond what he was capable of writing. I'm going to exaggerate the negatives to make the reasons clear - as I said, the document proved quite useful and informative for the limited audience of reviewers who already knew a bit about the language. Everyone who read it, including me, learned a lot from John's explanations.
+The draft selma'o catalog is a couple of hundred paragraphs, with a couple of hundred cross-references; but the latter is not nearly enough. It turns out that so many of the structures are redundant to each other that it is difficult to write about individual word categories without referring to what is said elsewhere, or without repeating the same thing many times over. John also had to make use of so many technical jargon terms that a explanatory glossary was going to be needed that was fully as large as the catalog text, in order for the catalog to be understood by a beginner. Finally, because John wrote the catalog from start to end, it reads fairly well as a textual explanation of the selma'o.
+However, as a catalog reference work not intended to be read from start to finish, the document failed. Individual entries are hard to understand - even with all the cross-references, too much of the text presumes that the reader has read and understood what comes 'before it' in the catalog. The result is like a dictionary wherein you must know and understand almost every word in the 'A' section before trying to understand the 'B' words, while 'C' requires knowledge of both 'A' and 'B', etc.
+Finally, although John created over a hundred example sentences for the selma'o catalog, this is not nearly enough to exemplify the entire Lojban grammar.
+The selma'o catalog will appear in print, probably in the first book to be published (see below). However, it needs to be integrated with other materials in that book, which will take a bit of work. It unfortunately cannot serve the purpose John originally set out for it - to exemplify the variety of cmavo and their usages in the grammar.
+To accomplish the latter, John has undertaken and made excellent progress on a new approach. He has divided the grammar of Lojban into some 15 topics. There will be a paper on each topic, covering the cmavo used in the portion of the grammar that addresses that topic. A half dozen of these papers are done or nearly complete.
+The topics are not an even division of the grammar - some topics can be covered in very few pages, while others need a lot of explanation and examples. On the average, the topics are being covered to at least the level of detail as the "On Lojban Negation" paper, which was published a couple of years ago with JL and is now distributed with "Package 3" for active language students. (John's writing in these new papers seems to me to be much more readable then my own in the negation paper.) Each paper has dozens of examples; in some of them, over a hundred examples may be found.
+The most important of the papers completed thus far is the tense paper included with this issue. One of the most thoroughly analyzed and designed aspects of Lojban, as distinguished from earlier versions of Loglan, the tense system benefits from pc's expertise in tense logic and its expression in the languages of the world.
+I've said that the Lojban tense system is overdesigned - it allows the entire variety of tense-related expressions used by any of the world's languages, without particularly favoring any one approach. But each natural language has evolved a highly specialized and often idiomatic approach to expressing tense. The English speaker tackling Russian or Greek or Irish, all Indo-European languages, must learn elaborate tense systems involving perfective tenses that work entirely unlike those of English. Making the matter even worse, most English speakers are ill-educated as to the complexity of the tense structures of their own language, and the subtleties of nuance implicit in various forms of expression. As a result, a major failing people have in learning foreign languages is that they are unable to grasp the new ways of relating time and space embodied in the foreign language, and speak in a very stilted dialect that is difficult for natives to understand. (Most artificial languages have little or no thought put into their tense system, and probably never achieve the subtleties of meaning conveyed by natural language tenses.)
+The tense paper included in this issue will likely stretch your mind to envision new relationships in time and space as expressed in language, relationships that are not easily conveyed in English, if at all.
+For example, at the moment I am writing this, I say that "I am writing JL16". But since JL16 is not yet published, it doesn't yet exist while I write it (except as a figment of my imagination). In Lojban, we can make this clear by stating that I am writing the inchoative JL16.
+Another example, long my favorite, was coined by pc. Suppose X has a dog which he hits in punishment whenever it chews X's clothes. Indeed, he hits it so long that it sustains lasting injury, though a trip to the vet remedies much of this damage. Now suppose over a period of time, X continues this cruel behavior, the dog's condition deteriorates, and it dies. In English, we might say that "X kept on: kept on hitting the dog too long, too long." But without the long-winded explanation, you would almost certainly consider that sentence both ungrammatical and nonsense, when it is neither. (And there is no way to clearly punctuate the sentence, either, as I just found out.) Lojban expresses this situation easily.
+Now think of one of those cartoons where the main character drives a motorboat across the lake, then continues up on shore and across the land. This situation is expressed in Lojban using a tense quite similar to that of the last example: the character kept on driving the motorboat too far 'on' the lake.
+There are all manner of other tense structures permitted in Lojban, some of which have no parallel in natural language. Lojban's tenses are symmetrical with respect to time - you can talk about future events in as elaborate detail as you can talk about past ones, whereas some natural languages (including English) have only a very degenerate grammar for talking about things to come.
+Will people find Lojban's tense grammar enabling? Or will its many unusual forms never find use, and fall by the wayside. We'll only come to know after people have a chance to learn from a thorough explanation of the tense system, such as John has now provided us.
+Here is a list of the papers currently planned, and their status:
+* morphology, phonology, and orthography (written and published, needs stylistic rewrite to match later papers);
+* negation (written and published, needs minor update and reworking to be stylistically consistent with later papers);
+* attitudinals/metalinguistics (written and published, needs major rewrite adding many examples);
+* tense (written and published with this issue);
+* MEX: mathematical expressions (written and internally reviewed - to be published with JL17);
+* logical connectives (written and in internal review);
+* text structure (written and in internal review);
+* lerfu (written and in internal review);
+Not yet written (though in some cases planned in considerable detail) are:
+* abstraction;
+* logical quantification;
+* sumti structures - anaphora, descriptions, names, quotes, numbers;
+* places and place structures;
+* selbri structures;
+* tanru making;
+* anaphora;
+* elidable terminators;
+John will write most of these papers. I (Lojbab) will probably do a couple of them, possibly including the major rewrite of the attitudinal paper, a lesser rewrite of the negation paper, and writing some or all of the papers on tanru, elidables, and abstraction. These papers will probably take another year to be completed, reviewed, and integrated for publishing, but the resulting book will be a detailed explanation of all aspects of the Lojban grammar (called a 'reference grammar' by linguists).
+These papers will be an invaluable resource in creating examples and exercises to enrich the long-delayed Lojban textbook. Teaching of the intermediate and advanced aspects of the language that were not covered in the 6 draft lessons already written will be especially helped.
+As I went to describe John's papers, and the role that they fit in the documentation of the Lojban design, I realized that these collected papers will be nothing other than the Lojban technical description that I started back in 1988, before the textbook was conceived.
+We have come full circle. In a year, when the papers are complete and published, Lojban will be well-documented, and the language and its community will be much the richer for it.
+Bob and Nora Studying Russian - Nora and I have started an intensive study of Russian. We are trying to adopt one or more young children from Russia, and will have to travel to that country, deal with children who have likely started to understand or even to speak Russian, and also to teach those children about their heritage as they grow up. (Yes, we also plan to teach our kids Lojban.)
+What does this have to do with Lojban?
+Our learning efforts started in April, and have already had a significant effect on the future textbook. Our situation in learning Russian is not too unlike the typical Lojbanist who wants to learn Lojban - we want to very quickly acquire as much competency in the language as we can, but have minimal opportunity to take formal classes or interact with native speakers.
+We've spent a good chunk of money on textbooks, tapes, and other learning aids; we've adapted LogFlash to the study of Russian vocabulary (surprisingly easy due to Nora's excellent program design foresight, even though Russian uses a keyboard and alphabet rather different from what normally appears on your computer screen).
+Only a month into the effort, I'm learning what methods work for rapid self-teaching, and which do not.
+When Nora and I learned Loglan/- Lojban, we acquired it slowly, over several years, without prepared materials to work from, and our level of skill until the last couple of years did not approach a useful level. Our experience was unlike what the new Lojbanist faces in trying to learn the language, and even more strongly different from the way we hope Lojbanists will learn the language in the future after the books and other materials are complete.
+However, our experience in studying Russian from prepared materials in a short time will more closely approximate the typical Lojbanist's situation.
+What have we learned? We need many more examples and exercises - each of the books we are using gives dozens of very simple exercises for each point taught, several exercises requiring use of each vocabulary word to be added to the learner's 'active' vocabulary, and an incremental approach that adds new grammar features quickly (at least at our study pace) but only one at a time. We have also found that tapes are useful and indeed important to giving students confidence that they can actually speak the language, as they copy what is being said. Tape exercises give practice in listening to the language, as well as correction of the errors and other problems that creep into the self-teaching student's pronunciation.
+I am also getting specifically helpful samples of style: how much explanation is appropriate and useful, and what type of wording is clearest. Indeed, some specific Russian pronunciation explanations will prove quite useful in explaining similar points about Lojban.
+I've spent a lot of thought on the textbook writing problem, and sent out a questionnaire to potential Lojban students on the computer networks. The problems I've had in writing the textbook have included a lack of time, too many things to do, instability in the details of the language, and low morale. But the real problem was that I was trying to write a textbook with no real understanding of what a language textbook needs to contain.
+I've spent a lot of time over the last 5 years examining language textbooks, their structure, and teaching techniques. I've read over a dozen books on standard and unorthodox language teaching methodologies and on textbook writing for both commonly studied languages and for little-known languages for which native speaker materials are hard to acquire.
+(You would be surprised how little agreement there is on teaching methodologies among language teaching professionals. Simply speaking, there is no methodology that has proven to work effectively for the wide variety of student backgrounds and goals. The best materials are those for learning English, but English-speaking natives like me cannot look at these materials and truly understand the methods being used, and how they might relate to designing materials for other languages - the best materials are quite unlike the ones native speakers study in English grammar class.)
+This reading means that I actually understand the techniques being used by the Russian textbook writers as they use them on me (the best Russian textbooks on the market were written in Russia by professionals there, and then translated and adapted for English-speaking audiences). I can see which techniques work well with a self-teaching student, and which would need two or more people, or even a class, to be effective.
+It is no big surprise that the techniques that work best on me are quite similar to the LogFlash flash card technique. It IS significant, both to me, and potentially to people who design materials for other languages, how valuable an understanding of WHY I am doing an exercise helps me do that exercise better - I concentrate on what is important, and don't worry about the rest (I can tell this benefit because I can see the problems that Nora is having, not having had this background in language teaching theory.)
+It turns out that this new information will not affect the textbook writing I've done thus far. We decided a long time ago to totally rewrite the materials in the draft 6 lessons in the new textbook, which will have a different organization, as well as a different style. The draft lessons, updated to the current language with minimal stylistic changes, will still be put out as a book later this year, because we can get it done quickly and because people have proven able to learn from the book.
+The rewritten textbook has been stalled near the end of Chapter 1 for over a year - partly from lack of time, more recently from reduced priority. Chapter 1 is an overview of the entire language, a big-picture summary that attempts to get across the fundamental differences between Lojban and other languages in hopes that when we turn to a detailed, incremental buildup of language skills in succeeding chapters, people will have a framework to build upon. (It is rather difficult to properly teach about Lojban sentence features without knowing that Lojban sentences themselves are conceptually unlike English sentences.) It will take little work to adapt Lesson 1 for this new approach, but I now, finally, have some idea how to write Lesson 2 - which has been a significant hindrance on my writing.
+Book Plans - Last issue, I expected that we would have one or two books completed by the end of the year, those books being composed of updated versions of already published materials.
+Surprising few people, the books haven't yet happened. The distractions of the financial situation hurt both morale and concrete progress. More important, the documents that we intended to incorporate into book form have lots of elusive little inconsistencies which are taking a long time to resolve and document so that we don't introduce new errors as we correct the old. The January weekend meeting discussed above led to a lot of changes in the gismu list place structures, and all other documents have to be reconciled with those changes. A lot of progress has been made, though, and I can surely state that, except for the time I'm taking to produce this JL issue, la lojbangirz. is decidedly in a book-producing mode.
+The number of books planned has increased as we produce the two originally identified. Here's the current plan:
+Textbook - The existing draft textbook lessons will be updated to the current language and minor changes put in to reflect specific difficulties that people had with an explanation. This revision will take time, but isn't too difficult. Some added tutorial materials, dealing with topics not covered in the 6 lessons that are important to new Lojbanists will be appended, and the first chapter of the new draft textbook will serve as an overview at the beginning.
+Thereafter, work will commence on writing the 'real' textbook, using some of the ideas I've learned from teaching the language since the first draft textbook was started in 1989, as well as from our learning Russian, as described above. This writing may take a year or two, so that the revised draft textbook is what there will be until then. The full textbook may run to 2 volumes - I haven't yet seen a textbook that gives conversational fluency in a language in even two books.
+Lojban, while simpler than most languages, still has a large vocabulary to learn. There is a minimum amount of vocabulary that must be mastered to converse fluently in any language. We have had little success in convincing people to get that head start on the vocabulary needed to make textbook learning flow smoothly. The draft lessons averaged 100 new words per lesson, and people in the first class did not do enough self-study of this vocabulary to have the vocabulary keep up with their grammar learning. The answer is smaller, shorter lessons, and some additional work on vocabulary teaching and drilling techniques. But language textbooks seem to set a target of around 1000-1200 words for a typical textbook, and this is only enough for rudimentary communication in most languages, including Lojban. Thus we will need 2 books to get people to active use vocabularies of 2000+ words, which is almost certainly the minimum needed for any real comfort in communicating.
+Of course people using LogFlash can get to that 2000 word level much more quickly, and without a book, since the gismu and cmavo in LogFlash 3 together amount to around 2000 words, and most of these have some use in conversation and writing.
+Reference Book/Dictionary - Originally the dictionary was going to come after the textbook. This has changed. As indicated last issue, we decided to assemble the various draft reference materials into a single book replacing our motley collection of printed handouts and reference lists with a single cheaper volume that is also up-to-date.
+Because we need up-to-date references in order to revise the draft textbook, we decided last year that this book was to come first. It has turned out that producing it was not a simple assembly of old documents because bringing those documents into consistency with the current language has taken a lot of time. However, the added time has provided insights that will make the new document better than originally expected. The revised gismu list, for example, now typically has 2 or more English glosses for each Lojban word, and the English order list will be much more useful for those looking up words. We've had side projects going on regarding Lojbanization of names, and are even starting to assemble some of the lujvo used in Lojban text so far into lists (there have been over 2000 such lujvo actually used in Lojban text, which can be added to some 5000 proposed words that are on paper and computer disk from earlier Loglan work). I expect that the slow production process will allow me enough time to put a non-trivial sampling of these into the book. The resulting lists will be less thoroughly checked and standard than the well-analyzed gismu and cmavo lists, but the reference book is now looking more like the dictionary that people really want to see.
+It won't be the dictionary I WANT to produce, but it will have more to it than most first dictionaries of artificial languages, and will serve as a good start.
+I have been calling this book the 'proto-dictionary'.
+The proto-dictionary will also have the formal grammar in both YACC and BNF forms, a glossary of Lojban and technical/linguistic jargon that often appears in discussion of Lojban, the morphology rules, and other useful reference material. I plan to include a form of the selma'o catalog started by John Cowan (described above).
+A more complete dictionary will be built after this one is done, but it again will take a couple of years - I've always known this was a big project for one person, and without funding for more than myself to work on it, it will take a lot of time.
+Nora has found a purse-sized gismu list that I prepared for her as an experiment to be very useful. therefore, we are considering putting out a tiny pocket version of the protodictionary with word lists only. If you think such a book would be useful enough for you to buy in addition to the full protodictionary, let us know - the market for this book will determine whether it is produced in this generation of Lojban materials, rather than waiting until there are more Lojbanists to buy it.
+Grammar Description - John Cowan's papers, described above, along with the ones I have written and will write in the future, will form the third basic Lojban book.
+Introduction to Lojban - The cost to us of our introductory package is quite high, and only some 10-20% of the people who ask for information send us payment. By assembling the introductory package into a small book, we can get better postal rates for mailing it, as well as reducing our printing costs. The savings is only a few hundred dollars a year, but every little bit helps, and a lower price might encourage more to pay.
+Lojban Phrase Book - We started doing a phrase book for LogFest last year, and a few dozen pages of materials have been assembled. The concept is similar to the standard 'Berlitz' phrase-books for travellers, recognizing that the phrases a Lojbanist needs are not quite the same as those that a traveller to a foreign country would want.
+Lojban Reader - We are still talking about this book, though it will likely be delayed because the other books are more important and the market for a reader is still small. The amount of Lojban text that has been written or translated is now enormous. However, checking the translations are slow and inefficient; even small changes in the language require a rechecking. We are also hoping that more Lojbanists will start writing new things in the language rather than translating. Most things people wish to translate are covered by copyright, and tracking down of permissions to reproduce such translations commercially is something we haven't figured out how to do efficiently (along with the fact that we might have to pay royalties).
+=== Schedule ===
+We may not be too good lately at meeting our schedules, being too dependent on both time and money that are not under our control, but having a schedule helps us keep priorities straight, and helps you know what he are doing to bring the language to you.
+Here are the current plans:
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+(June 92)
+</pre>
+LogFest 92A
+Printed:
+<br />JL16
+<br />LK16
+<br />Diagrammed Examples of Lojban Sentences
+<br />Tense Paper
+Electronic postings to PLS:
+<br />Diagrammed Examples of Lojban Sentences
+<br />Tense Paper
+<br />Mex Paper
+<br />lerfu Paper draft
+<br />Text Structure Paper draft
+<br />Logical Connectives Paper draft
+<br />Revised cmavo list
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+(August 92)
+</pre>
+LogFest 92B - Annual Meeting
+Printed:
+<br />JL17
+<br />LK17
+<br />Lojban Mini-Lesson
+<br />Mex Paper
+<br />What is Lojban - la lojban. mo Brochure (Esperanto version)
+Electronic postings to PLS.:
+<br />lerfu Paper
+<br />Text Structure Paper
+<br />What is Lojban - la lojban. mo Brochure (Esperanto version) - updated
+<br />A comparison of Lojban and 1989 Institute Loglan (Cowan)
+<br />Glossary of Lojban/linguistic terminology
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+(September 92)
+</pre>
+Books:
+<br />Lojban Reference Materials/- Proto-Dictionary
+<br />Lojban Pocket Dictionary
+Software:
+<br />Hypercard LogFlash/Mac - (Revised and New versions)
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+(November 92)
+</pre>
+Printed:
+<br />JL18
+<br />LK18
+<br />Lojban Learning Materials (Book)
+Electronic postings to PLS.:
+<br />Revised Draft Lessons 1-6
+<br />Negation paper (updated)
+<br />Attitudinal Paper (updated)
+<br />Synopsis of Lojban Orthography, Phonology, and Morphology (updated)
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+(Dec 92)
+</pre>
+Software
+<br />Lojban Parser (PC and some UNIX versions)
+<br />Lojban Parser/Glosser
+<br />Logflash 2 - rafsi (Revision 7)
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+Unscheduled But Planned
+</pre>
+Printed:
+<br />Lojban Textbook
+<br />Lojban Dictionary
+<br />Lojban Reader
+<br />Lojban Phrase Book
+Printed and Electronic:
+<br />Lojban gismu Etymologies
+Software:
+<br />Lojban Adventure Game
+=== Using the Language ===
+The most heartening development of the last several months has been the spread of regular and active Lojban work to several people outside of the DC area. These people, primarily in contact with each other through the computer networks, are doing a variety of translations and other writings, games, and discussions. The activities being undertaken often rely on advanced Lojban skills. That people are able to do these activities without direction or instruction from those of us who did the language design proves that the language has now been defined well enough that it is no longer totally dependent on Nora, pc, John Cowan and myself for survival.
+Even more significantly, the people participating in these activities come from a variety of language backgrounds. Ivan Derzhanski, in Scotland, is native Bulgarian. Nick Nicholas, in Australia, is native Greek/English. Colin Fine, in the UK, of course uses British English, while Mark Shoulson uses American English (though he does most of his translating to Lojban from Hebrew). A new Lojbanist, Veijo Vilva is Finnish.
+Lojban Conversation Group - Before Athelstan's accident in February, the Lojban conversation group here in DC passed its first anniversary of regular weekly conversation sessions in Lojban. Without Athelstan, we have shifted to non-conversation activities such as translations to and from Lojban of simple texts, while teaching new Lojbanist David Young enough of the language that he can comfortably participate in conversation. As described above, we expect to merge the conversation group into a new Lojban class here in the DC area that will swell our numbers of conversant speakers.
+On the Net - Lojban List has remained steady at around 60-80 members, though the last few weeks have shown a new group of people joining in. While most of the subscribers to this list are 'lurkers' in net terminology (they read what's posted but seldom contribute), the number who contribute to discussions has grown to a couple of dozen.
+The intensity of discussion varies. Earlier this year, the list was averaging a dozen messages a day, some of considerable length. Lately, things have been quiet, with only one or two messages a day.
+The technical level of discussions has increased. Indeed, we've had a little problem in that new subscribers who haven't received our materials tend to be a bit lost in the details of the fairly advanced discussions, and very little is posted for beginning Lojbanists. I keep urging beginners to post questions, but few participate.
+Phone Game - The old party game called variously "the phone game" or "whisper down the line" has found a new incarnation in Lojban. Originally started by Jack Bennetto, this game is just completing its 3rd 'round'. Lojbanists are each given a message, originally in English. They translate it into Lojban and pass it to the next person, who translates it back to English, then the next back to Lojban, etc. until the message has gone full circle. The requirement is to translate about two lines once a week, so the time commitment is rather small.
+Participants in the latest 5 message round include Ivan Derzhanski, Sylvia Rutiser, Mark Shoulson, Colin Fine, and Nora LeChevalier, with Nick Nicholas coordinating things and assembling the results.
+At the end of the game, Nick collects comments from everyone on the obvious and not-so-obvious errors that creep into the translations, and they are posted to Lojban List. Two sample messages from the 2nd round, with post-game commentary, appear in le lojbo se ciska below. People participating in the game learn much from trying to find ways to rephrase what they receive. Nick is hoping to increase the number of participants in the next round.
+Translations and other Writings - The volume of Lojban text, mostly translations, continues to grow. So does the diversity of translators and sources. Nick Nicholas is still by far the leading translator into Lojban, with about 10 new efforts of length comparable to that in JL15 since that issue was published. Some of these translations are from Greek, both ancient and modern, some are from Esperanto, and even a couple from English. Nick has also completed translating the text of the original 'Adventure' computer game, known as 'Colossal Cave' (badbarda kevna), and we hope to have a Lojban version of this game available by the end of the year.
+Ivan Derzhanski has translated two stories from Bulgarian into Lojban. One of these will probably appear in the next issue, unless we get the final review done in time for this issue's deadline. Ivan has been complimented for his 'natural' Lojban use that is very easy to read.
+Mark Shoulson has translated sections of Genesis from the original Hebrew, as well as some traditional Hebrew songs. Colin Fine has translated the fairy tale "The Princess and the Pea", and several songs, including one of his own. John Cowan has translated a short tale from Hakka, a rural Chinese dialect. Veijo Vilva and And Rosta have each translated haiku poetry, and Lojbab translated a Gilbert and Sullivan song. Jamie Bechtel revised his translation of an Ursula Leguin science fiction story, which we will print if we can get copyright release. And of course the DC group has done a variety of translations, mostly of simple texts from the 19th century schoolbooks called "McGuffy's Readers".
+Michael Helsem recently sent a new poem written in Lojban, after several months of inactivity while relocating to Seattle. Thus far he's the only one emphasizing original writing in Lojban.
+Discussions - Lojban List has had discussions on innumerable topics, and space is forcing us to leave most of these out of this issue. These discussions have been very helpful in resolving some of the issues that come up as we clean up the loose ends in the language documentation. Some of the discussions are excerpted in this issue, and more will appear in later issues, but we can hardly start to include the volume of material appearing on Lojban List.
+Linguist List - John Cowan and Lojbab have also been active in "Linguist List", a mailing list for professional linguists who are conducting research. Our activity has earned us, and Lojban, name recognition in this critical community, and we have garnered considerable respect for Lojban's potential value in linguistics research (see research news below).
+Conlang - A third mailing list exists for people interested in constructed languages in general as opposed to Lojban or some other particular language. Many of the participants are people inventing their own languages, often for fun or for use in fiction. Lojbanists contribute frequently on this forum, and we have gained several new supporters as a result.
+=== Research Using Lojban ===
+As we have gained respect in the linguistics community, a few linguists have offered ideas for how Lojban would be useful in their work. I'll highlight three key contacts.
+Alexis Manaster-Ramer - Alexis is a noted linguist at Wayne State University in Michigan. He is active in a variety of linguistics arenas, and leads in international relations with the Russian linguistics community, computational linguistics, and historical linguistics (he has a forthcoming paper that will be the first in-depth technical review by American linguists of the 'Nostratic' theory of language evolution, which has been much-discussed in the popular press.
+Alexis has suggested that Lojban may be well-suited for use in semantic analysis of differing natural languages. Specifically, if you have, for example, a word in Polish, and a word in English, they might be translated into two separate words in Lojban, but then using some of Lojban's features to serve as a metalanguage for talking about the relationships between the meanings. He says that linguists often make nonsensical claims/errors because in dealing with glosses of words from other languages, they often forget that the gloss is not necessarily identical in meaning.
+(He cites as an example a guy who did his thesis demonstrating that English "if" was not a logical connection by examining how translations of "if" s sentences into Tagalog were not logical connectives because the word used in Tagalog definitely doesn't ever act like such a connective. Alexis notes that this argument is silly - the Tagalog word was not necessarily identical in meaning to the English word, even if it WAS used in translation. Ideally you want to never assume that two words in different language map to exactly the same semantic space.
+Another example, from Polish (which is Alexis' native language). 'Orange' in its Polish incarnation is not as primary a color as it is in English. Even though the archetype orange may be similar or identical in the two languages, the word for the concept covers a narrower band in Polish, so some things English calls 'orange' Alexis sees as a flavor of yellow and more rarely as red. Lojban has the capability, independent of the vaguely defined Lojban narju, to add words glinarju and polskrnarju for the two source language "oranges". Having different words, a Lojban-using analyst wouldn't assume them to be identical in meaning, and would perhaps also have the metalanguage capability through adding BAI places and the like, to clearly distinguish the meanings and the transformations needed to relate the two. Each word would have an archetype and a range in both hue and saturation - the limits between orange and other colors being different in Polish than in English.
+Alexis thus sees in Lojban the basis for a general or universal semantic theory after the concept that none other than Whorf had (Whorf apparently thought that gestalt psychology could serve as the basis of an independent universal semantic theory). Lojban's cultural independence (whether neutral or not, it is relatively independent of other cultures through the need to reformulate and reanalyze virtually every concept for both syntactic and semantic place structure values when you translate into Lojban), and its extensibility allow for a lot of power in semantic analysis.
+While the goal is some kind of universal semantic analysis capability, just the ability to use Lojban to tackle small problems, like the color words, or Nootka sentence words or 57 Inuit words for snow, would be a boon to linguists doing their work. The longer term goal need not even be dealt with at first.
+It is interesting that an opportunity like this comes up in semantics, the area where we have done the least work in Lojban, and yet the lack of work done is not a handicap for the research Alexis has in mind.
+For the technically minded, linguist David Elworthy attempted to reformulate my description in more formal terms. In some ways his version seems more clear than my presentation. David writes:
+We are considering lexical translation between two languages lg1 and lg2. Such a translation will only rarely be an isomorphism, in the sense that the words (or whatever) in the language will have identical meanings; most of the time we have a homomorphism, i.e. in going from lg1 to lg2 we discard some of the meaning and add in some extra bits of meaning. The problem is that linguists and others who work with translations forget that they are using a homomorphism and treat it as an isomorphism: hence the "if" in English and Tagalog example. The picture of what happens at the moment is thus:
+ lg1 -----------------> lg2
+             h
+(using h for the homomorphism).
+The proposal is to use a three stage process: lg1 to the nearest object (word, phrase) in Lojban, some object in Lojban to lg2, and something to link the two Lojban objects, i.e.:
+ lg1 ----> Lojban ----> Lojban ---- > lg2
+      h1           h2           h3
+such that composing the three homomorphisms h1, h2 and h3 gives you h.
+The suggestion is that Lojban is a good tool for this because we can produce objects for the middle stages which have a very precise meaning (so we get h1 and h3 right), and furthermore that these meanings can be reduced to members of a small collection of primitive objects joined with well-defined connective. Hence we should be able to get h2. So we have reduced h to simpler terms, and so we can get a more precise understanding of the original translation.
+When I started to write this I was trying to work out why I felt skeptical about it, and I think I now find that I am less skeptical than I thought! The major difficulty is in h1 and h3. To know whether you have got these right, i.e. found or constructed the right Lojban objects, you have to make reference to something outside the languages involved, and this might just mean that you have replaced the need to do this once (in h) with a need to do it twice (h1 and h3). But perhaps this is really the aim: to reduce one hard problem to two easier ones.
+Ivan notes further that Lojban may be most helpful where it is important to forget about cultural concepts or about the Indo-Europeanish concept of parts of speech. He also mentions family relationship words and tenses as fruitful areas of investigation.
+Anyone interested in actively keeping abreast of this research project should let us know. If you have access to the computer nets, this is helpful, since that is likely where most discussion will take place as we attempt to focus this into a more formal research proposal. We will of course keep people generally aware of how this develops in JL.
+Ivan Derzhanski - Ivan is pursuing his own research interests at the University of Edinburgh. He plans to use Lojban significantly in his research. Among other activities, Ivan has written and submitted a paper addressing the variety of modification strategies that languages use in tanru (modifier/- modificand pairings). He includes some Lojban examples.
+Alan Libert - Alan is a linguist at McGill University in Canada. In April he gave a presentation at the International Linguistics Association meeting in Washington DC, which I attended. Alan's paper was on the use of artificial languages, especially those (like Lojban) which do not attempt to copy the structures of some other language or group of languages (a priori languages) to research in language universals. He hypothesizes that those who invent languages will unconsciously incorporate true universals in their language design even when they are trying to depart from their native language constraints.
+His initial efforts, dealing with the well-known analyses of word order in languages, were inconclusive. However, we noted in discussion of the paper that such 'obvious' features of language design are too well-known and hence likely to be an intentional choice on the part of the language inventor. For example, the recently publicized "Klingon" language used in the Star Trek movies was explicitly invented to have Object before Subject order, a rare feature found only in a few Amazon-region languages.
+=== International News/Publicity ===
+There is not much news in these areas that isn't already covered elsewhere. With active Lojbanists now scattered around the world (indeed, while our mailing list is heavily concentrated in the US, the people actually learning and using the language seem exceptionally spread out), news about Lojban is often 'international'.
+In the publicity arena, we have had some useful international developments. The major international Esperanto monthly Monato had a short article mentioning Lojban and giving our mail and computer addresses. A couple of dozen have responded, almost all from outside the US, and we hope to encourage this development into a further spurt of international Lojban use.
+The second development is Nora and my eventual trip to Russia as part of our adopting a child. The nature of that process is such that we will not be able to do much lead planning of the trip, but I certainly intend to take advantage of our visit to promote Lojban in that country, noted for its diverse ethnic and linguistic heritage. (I'm hoping to have a Russian translation of the Lojban brochure and perhaps other materials before leaving).
+There is a good possibility that la lojbangirz. will lose its capability to accept credit card orders/contributions, which we started primarily for the benefit of non-US supporters. We are now paying US$15/month minimum and no annual fee; this will rise in October to US$50 per year and US$25/month minimum. We will be paying more in fees most months than we gain in income from credit cards. Unless we find a new, cheaper avenue for processing credit cards, this service will have to be dropped. We will still be able to process non-US denominated cheques using Thomas Cook, for a US$3.50 fee. If you are planning a credit card contribution, though, I recommend that you do so before summer ends.
+=== News From the Institute ===
+The Loglan Institute (TLI) continues to survive, though this remains fairly invisible on the forums that we see. Since our last issue, two more issues of Lognet have appeared. Each contains a short piece of Loglan text, and discussions of various technical issues. Lognet seems to look like some of our early JL issues, only much smaller.
+Most entertaining is how users of the TLI version are discovering many of the improvements we made in creating Lojban 5 years ago, or have added since. Indeed, almost every change reported in TLI Loglan was already part of Lojban. Given the wide overlap between TLI supporters and readers of this publication and our computer net discussions, there may be a reason for this.
+JCB has been especially invisible the last several months. Having moved TLI to San Diego when he relocated there last summer, JCB has apparently spent the time since last November preparing and sailing his yacht from Florida around to his new home.
+TLI Legal Appeal Rejected - As reported last issue, TLI appealed the US Patent and Trademark Office ruling in our favor that 'Loglan' was not a valid trademark for TLI's "dictionaries and grammars" because it is a generic name for a language and not an indication that the source of those products is TLI. This ruling, the result of a long dispute between us and TLI, would allow us to use 'Loglan' freely in our promotion of our materials, especially in attempting to reach the people who have heard of Loglan through the 1960 Scientific American article, Heinlein's reference in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress and other such instances that predate or are otherwise unrelated to TLI and its products. The legal battle was started in 1988 after TLI threatened legal action over our use of the term 'Loglan' in JL in ways they did not approve.
+Oral arguments on the appeal were held on 7 November 1991, before three judges of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Bill Herbert of Staas and Halsey argued for la lojbangirz., while Wesley Parsons argued for TLI. JCB was present in the courtroom, as were Athelstan and myself.
+Oral arguments lasted only about a half hour; then a long wait for the decision, which was finally issued on 28 April. The decision was clearly and strongly in our favor, and makes further likelihood that our position will be refuted quite remote. Mr. Parsons has filed a request for rehearing, as is often done, but the appeals court rarely grants such requests.
+The Circuit Court of Appeals is normally the court of last resort for trademark and other intellectual property cases. The only higher court is the U. S. Supreme Court, and they take perhaps one such case every several years; the grounds for such a Supreme Court appeal have to typically require some particular controversy, a significant constitutional issue, or disagreement between lower courts (which cannot happen in trademark cases, since there is now only one appeals court that handles trademark issues). These grounds are going to be particularly difficult to find in the Loglan decision. A Supreme Court case is also quite expensive to file for such a low chance of success, and with this appeal decision, the courts have started requiring TLI to pay some of our costs in refuting their appeals.
+In discussing the appeal in Lognet, JCB made statements suggesting that he was confident of victory and that it was just a matter of time until this occurred. As a result of these statements, our attorney has urged that we publish the Appeals decision in full so that there is no question that TLI's case has little on which to stand. We are doing so below, omitting only legal case citations that wouldn't mean much except to lawyers (we'll supply a copy of the decision, and of the original trademark cancellation decision to those wanting these details, at reproduction cost).
+One more settlement attempt rejected - While we continue to defend our right to use the term "Loglan" in promoting the language, we have continued, whenever avenues present themselves, to pursue more productive resolutions of our disputes with TLI. Discovering on short notice that JCB was coming to Washington to attend the hearing, we initiated contact through our attorneys to set up a mediated discussion of differences leading to a resolution of those differences. When TLI seemed to show interest, we hurriedly drafted a lengthy proposal to serve as an agenda for such a meeting, indicating several options that could be pursued. However, TLI quickly rejected the proposal/agenda without comment, and indicated that they found no basis for mutual discussions. Thus, even though JCB and I were in the same courtroom in November, at his choice no meeting occurred.
+== le lojbo se ciska ==
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+Excerpt from the 2nd Round of the Phone Game
+</pre>
+Here is the first of two sample sentences from the phone game played on the computer nets. This one communicated very well. Commentary courtesy of Nick Nicholas.
+The original phrase was:
+Hot?! Man, it was so hot, if you cracked an egg on the sidewalk, it'd fry in ten seconds flat! Honest!
+Mark Shoulson translated this as:
+xu pu glare paunai .i leni glare zo'u lenu karpo'i da'i lo sovda vi lo dzuklaji cu rinka lenu ra bazi binxo lo se jukpa ba'o lo snidu be li pano sa'e .i ba'ucu'i
+<br />(Was it hot? (This is not a question). For the amount of heat, (something) open-breaking (suppose) into an egg (pieces) at a walk-street causes that it (the egg pieces) become a cooked-thing after 10 seconds (exactly!). (Accuracy!))
+Mark justified not explicitly flagging exaggeration by saying: A little strange, in that the speaker claims not to be exaggerating, but then that's the most common form of exaggeration. It hardly seems likely to expect Lojban speakers to be honest with their attitudinals and lose the power their hyperbole. Then again, we can assume that the sentence really is true, so that's okay.
+The main blunder is with the place structure of porpi: it has x1 breaking into pieces x2, not agent x1 breaking x2 into pieces x3 (this is popygau or some variant of popri'a). I like prenexes too, but I would put leni glare into an explicit BAI place (ki'u...).
-           DOUBLE YOUR LOJBAN FUN -- TWO LOGFESTS THIS YEAR
+What I was in fact looking for is the translation of "so hot that..." suggested by Lojbab in a past JL: ".i glare seja'e lenu co'eli'o". Are we sure that, if the breaking of the egg is hypothetical, that its effect (it's being cooked) is also hypothetical; ie. the Lojban doesn't necessarily imply "If you were to break the egg, it will ca'a cook"? I suppose so.
-                  JUNE 26-28 AND AUGUST 14-17, 1992
+One may debate whether Mark's translation was good Lojban (personally, I think it was). In any case, it was excellent English :), as Colin's translation shows:
-          NEW DC AREA LOJBAN CLASS STARTING -- SIGN UP NOW!
+WAS IT HOT! The heat - if you cracked an egg on the pavement it would be cooked in ten seconds, no more, really!
-                       DETAILS IN NEWS SECTION
-     ju'i lobypli  (JL)  is  the  quarterly  journal  of  The  Logical
+(I don't have any comment to make: this is the first almostfully successful message relay in this game).
-Language Group,  Inc., known  in these  pages as  la lojbangirz.    la
-lojbangirz. is  a non-profit  organization formed  for the  purpose of
-completing and  spreading the  logical  human  language  "Lojban  -  A
-Realization of  Loglan" (commonly  called "Lojban"), and informing the
-community about logical languages in general.
-     la  lojbangirz.   is  a  non-profit  organization  under  Section
-(c)(3) of  the U.S.  Internal Revenue  Code.   Your donations  (not
-contributions to  your voluntary  balance) are  tax-deductible on U.S.
-and most  state income  taxes.  Donors are notified at the end of each
-year of their total deductible donations.
-     For purposes  of  terminology,  "Lojban"  refers  to  a  specific
-version  of  a  logical  human  language,  the  generic  language  and
-associated research  project having  been called  "Loglan"  since  its
-invention by  Dr. James  Cooke Brown in 1954.  Statements referring to
-"Loglan/Lojban" refer  to both the generic language and to Lojban as a
-specific instance  of that language.  The Lojban version of Loglan was
-created as  an alternative  because Dr.  Brown  and  his  organization
-claims  copyright   on  everything  in  his  version,  including  each
-individual word  of the vocabulary.  The Lojban vocabulary and grammar
-and all language definition materials, by contrast, are public domain.
-Anyone may  freely use  Lojban for  any purpose  without permission or
-royalty.   la lojbangirz. believes that such free usage is a necessary
-condition for  an engineered  language like  Loglan/Lojban to become a
-true human  language, and  to succeed  in the  various goals that have
-been proposed for its use.
-     Page count  this issue:  48 +  40 enclosures  = 88  ($8.80  North
-America, $10.56 elsewhere).  Press run for this issue of ju'i lobypli:
-.  We now have about 726 people receiving our publications, and 240
-more awaiting textbook publication.
-                          Your Mailing Label
+Sylvia came up with:
-Your mailing  label reports  your current  mailing  status,  and  your
+.u'e glare .ije da'i lo sovda cu selporpi di'o le dagysfe seri'a seljukpa snidu ja'e li su'e pa no
-current voluntary  balance including  this issue.  Please notify us of
+<br />((Wonder!) Heat. And (suppose) an egg is broken at the locus of the road-surface causing (that: {lenu} omitted) (something) is- cooked lasting- -(some)-seconds result the number at most 10.)
-changes in  your activity/interest  level.   Balances reflect  contri-
-butions received  thru 30  May 1992.   Mailing  codes (and approximate
-balance needs) are:
-Activity/Interest Level:                        Highest Package
+This has me a bit worried. The place of da'i in the sentence can be argued about, but the seljukpa snidu ja'e sequence doesn't make much sense to me. Well it does, but it circuitous. What's happening is: "it's a being-cooked lasting-n-seconds thing" which makes sense, sorta, but you're waiting to find out what n is, and instead of n being the second place (seljukpa snidu li su'epano), it shows up as a ja'e place: "resulting in the number 10". Now this could mean "it's an n-second cook ending up being 10 seconds" (cf.: it's a ten-second wait) which is fine, but it in fact ends up as "it's an n-second cook resulting in the number ten." In Lojban, of course, it's easier to deduce from the second phrase that the first was meant. I would still, however, regard this use of ja'e as anomalous, and dangerously vague.
-Received (Price Each)                           Other flags:
-B - Observer     0 - Introductory Materials ($5)  JL JL Subscription
-($28/yr)
-C - Active Supporter                            1 - Word Lists and
-Language Description ($15)                      (followed by
-expiration issue #)
-D - Lojban Student                              2 - Language Design
-Information ($10)                               * indicates
-subscription prepaid
-E - Lojban Practitioner                         3 - Draft Teaching
-Materials ($30)  LK LK Subscription ($5/yr)
-                                                R  Review Copy (no
-charge)
-                                                UP Automatic Updates
-(>$20)
-  Please keep us informed of changes in your mailing address, and US
+None the less, the meaning is still retrievable, and there hasn't been any significant distortion, as in other sentences.
- subscribers are asked to provide ZIP+4 codes whenever you know them.
+[Another phone game extract will be found below.]
-                        Contents of This Issue
-     Important:    Due  to  financial  constraints,  ju'i  lobypli  is
+== Text of the Court of Appeals Decision ==
-converting to  a full subscription basis, starting with the next issue
-(JL17).  Please read the section on subscriptions for details.
-     It's been  a while  since last  issue, as we attempted to get our
-finances back  on an  even keel.   Our financial health plan is taking
-effect, and  we  expect  future  issues  of  JL  to  resume  quarterly
-appearance (if  you are  a subscriber,  of course).   (I  also want to
-apologize to  people who have had to wait an excessively long time for
-materials ordered  during the  last 6  months.   Hopefully  the  order
-backlog will have been corrected when you get this issue.)
-     As will  usually be  the case,  this issue contains much material
-derived from  the Lojban  List computer  mailing list on the Internet.
-Nearly all  such material has been edited, revised, and corrected from
-the original.
-     We continue  to be flooded with Lojban text from several writers,
-and some of this material will be found in this issue.
-     Several pieces  in this  issue  relate  to  Lojban  and  computer
-applications, and our first research proposal is reprinted.
-     The main  body of  this issue  will  be  short,  because  we  are
-including two  long enclosures:  a major paper by John Cowan on Lojban
-tense structures,  and a  major revision/improvement of the Diagrammed
-Summary of Lojban Grammar Forms, which is becoming the mainstay of our
-introductory materials.   Some of the material originally prepared for
-this issue,  including about 10 pages of discussion of the Sapir-Whorf
-Hypothesis, will  be delayed  until JL17  (which,  having  this  extra
-preparation done, is much more likely to come out on time!)
+As stated above, this is the text of the decision by the US Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in TLI's appeal of our successful petition for cancellation of TLI's registered trademark for 'Loglan'. The text is printed verbatim, except for asterisks in brackets substituting for multitudinous legal citations that mean little to the average reader.
-                          Table of Contents
+<pre style="text-align: center">
+-1254
+Cancellation No. 18,026
+THE LOGLAN INSTITUTE, INC., Appellant,
+v.
+THE LOGICAL LANGUAGE GROUP, INC., Appellee.
-Brief Glossary of Lojban Terms                                ---3
+DECIDED: April 28, 1992
-News
+</pre>
-  Subscriptions and Finances                                  ---3
-  Athelstan Injured                                           ---4
-  Language Education                                          ---5
-  Electronic Distribution                                     ---5
-  Logfest 92                                                  ---7
-  Language Development Status                                 ---8
-  Status of Products                                          --12
-  Schedule                                                    --19
-  Using the Language                                          --19
-  Research Using Lojban                                       --20
-  International News/Publicity                                --21
-  News From the Institute                                     --21
-le lojbo se ciska                         --22, 25, 31, 35, 37, 41
-Text of the Court of Appeals Decision                         --23
-lei lojbo                                                     --26
-la lojbangirz.'s First Research Proposal                      --27
-DLT - Esperanto-based Machine Translation                     --34
-A Lojbanic Cultural Allegory                                  --36
-Morphology Algorithm                                          --39
-Translations of le lojbo se ciska                             --42
-Next Issue                                                    --46
-Sample Pages from Forthcoming Dictionary                      --46
-                       Computer Net Information
+Before PLAGER, Circuit Judge, SKELTON, Senior Circuit Judge, and LOURIE, Circuit Judge.
+LOURIE, Circuit Judge.
+The Loglan Institute, Inc. (Institute), appeals the final decision of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (Board) in Cancellation No. 18,026 (February 4, 1991). The Board granted The Logical Language Group, Inc.'s (Language Group) motion for summary judgement, holding that the Institute's mark, LOGLAN, is generic and ordered the registration cancelled. We affirm.
-     Via Usenet/UUCP/Internet,  you can  send messages  and text files
-(including things  for  JL  publication)  to  la  lojbangirz./Bob  at:
-lojbab@grebyn.com      (This is a new address and supersedes the prior
-"snark" address.)
-     You can  also join the Lojban List mailing list (currently around
-subscribers).  Send a single line message (automatically processed)
-containing only:
-"subscribe lojban yourfirstname yourlastname"  to:     listserv@cuvmb.
-cc.columbia.edu
-If you have problems needing human intervention, send to:   lojban-
-list-request@snark.thyrsus.com
-Send traffic for the mailing list to:   lojban@cuvmb.cc.columbia.edu
-     Please keep us informed if your network mailing address changes.
-     Compuserve subscribers  can also participate.  Precede any of the
-above addresses  with INTERNET:   and  use your normal Compuserve mail
-facility.   If you  want to  participate on Lojban List, you should be
-prepared to  read your  mail at  least every couple of days; otherwise
-your mailbox  fills up  and you  are dropped  from  the  mailing-list.
-FIDOnet subscribers  can also  participate, although the connection is
-not especially  robust.  Write to us for details if you don't know how
-to access the Internet network.
-     Whether you  wish to  participate in the news-group or not, it is
-useful for us to know your Compuserve or Usenet/Internet address.
+=== BACKGROUND ===
-  We've  been  requested  to  more    rafsi -  affix  combining  forms
-explicitly identify people who are  for the gismu;
-referred to by initials in JL, and    lujvo  -  compound  words  built
-will regularly do so in this spot,  from rafsi;
-immediately before  the news  sec-    le'avla -  words  borrowed  from
-tion.   Note that  'Athelstan'  is  other languages;
-that person's  real name,  used in    brivla - Lojban predicate words,
-his public  life,  and  is  not  a  consisting of  gismu,  lujvo.  and
-pseudonym.                          le'avla.
-                                      tanru -  Lojban  metaphors,  the
-  'pc' -  Dr. John Parks-Clifford,  most   productive   and   creative
-Professor of  Logic and Philosophy  expression form of the language;
-at the  University of  Missouri  -    sumti  -   the  arguments  of  a
-St. Louis and Vice-President of la  logical predicate;
-lojbangirz.;   he    is    usually    selbri - Lojban predicates which
-addressed as  'pc' by  the  commu-  indicate a  relation among  one or
-nity.                               more sumti.    A  selbri  is  most
-  'Bob',    'lojbab'     -     Bob  often a  brivla or tanru; formerly
-LeChevalier  -   President  of  la  called "kunbri" in error;
-lojbangirz., and  editor  of  ju'i    bridi - Lojban predications, the
-lobypli and le lojbo karni.         basic grammatical structure of the
-  'Nora'  -   Nora  LeChevalier  -  language;  a   bridi  expresses  a
-Secretary/Treasurer of  la lojban-  complete relationship:  the selbri
-girz.,  Bob's   wife,  author   of  expresses  the  relation  and  the
-LogFlash.                           sumti express  the various  things
-  'JCB', 'Dr.  Brown' -  Dr. James  being related;
-Cooke  Brown,   inventor  of   the    selma'o - grammatical categories
-language,  and   founder  of   the  of Lojban  words; the basis of the
-Loglan project.                     unambiguous formal  grammar of the
-  'The  Institute',  'TLI'  -  The  language.      Traditionally   and
-Loglan  Institute,   Inc.,   JCB's  erroneously called "lexeme" in the
-organization  for   spreading  his  Loglan    community.         These
-version of  Loglan, which  we call  categories typically  have a  name
-'Institute Loglan'.                 derived  from  one  word  in  that
-  'Loglan' -  This refers  to  the  grammatical category;  the name is
-generic   language   or   language  all  capitals,   except  that   an
-project, of  which 'Lojban' is the  apostrophe is  replaced by a small
-most   successful   version,   and  letter 'h'.
-'Institute    Loglan'     another.
-'Loglan/Lojban'   is    used    in                 News
-discussions about  Lojban where we
-wish to make it particularly clear      Subscriptions and Finances
-that the  statement applies to the
-generic language as well.             This may be your last issue of
-  'PLS' -  The  Planned  Languages            ju'i lobypli.
-Server,  a   no-charge   computer-    We are  converting JL  to a sub-
-network-accessed      distribution  scription basis.  This is the last
-center  for  materials  on  Lojban  issue sent to those not explicitly
-(and other artificial languages).   requesting  (and   in  most  cases
-                                    paying for) a subscription.
-  Brief Glossary of Lojban Terms      At this  point  some  65  people
-                                    have returned  forms requesting  a
-  Following  are   definitions  of  subscription.    Perhaps  half  of
-frequently  used   Lojban   terms.  these have  sufficient balances to
-More complete  explanations of the  cover their subscription price.
-following are  in the  Overview of    Our   new   special   fund   for
-Lojban.                             'scholarship  subscriptions'  will
-  cmavo - Lojban structure words    not allow  us to support more than
-  gismu  -   Lojban  root   words;  a  few   people  on  a  non-paying
-currently 1337;                     basis,     and      these     free
+In 1955, Dr. James Brown invented a "logical language" which was designed to test the theory that natural languages limit human thought. It has been described by Dr. Brown as "symbolic logic made speakable" which "derives its word-stock impartially from the eight most widely spoken natural languages and so is culturally and politically neutral as well as suitable for cross-cultural linguistic experimentation." Dr. Brown coined the word "Loglan" (derived from logical language) to designate the new language. He first used the term Loglan in a publication in 1956; several years later, in 1962, he formed the Institute to promote the development and use of Loglan. On August 17,1987, the Institute applied for registration of Loglan as a mark for "Dictionaries and Grammars." The registration issued on April 12, 1988.
-subscriptions will be reserved for  deducting for  JL16 (this  issue),
-those who  are actively working in  your mailing  label  will  have  a
-the  language,   but  cannot   pay  number between "JL 17" and "JL 20"
-(mostly international supporters).  on it  indicating that  your  sub-
-  So here's where things stand:     scription   expires    with    the
-                                    indicated  issue.    Your  balance
-- For US and Canadian subscribers,  will be  deducted at a rate of $10
-the  subscription  price  will  be  per issue (substantially above the
-US$28 for  4 issues  (hopefully  1  subscription  price   for  US  and
-year -  but our commitment will be  Canada  recipients,  less  so  for
-for a number of issues rather than  overseas recipients),  for up to 4
-a date,  just in case).  For those  issues, until  your balance  drops
-in  other   countries,  the   sub-  below $10,  or until  we receive a
-scription price  will be US$35 for  form  and/or   other  instructions
-issues.                           from you.   You  will be given the
-                                    lower-priced 4-issue  subscription
--  If  you  have  not  returned  a  rate when  we receive  your signed
-subscription  form,   and  have  a  subscription  request   form  (and
-negative balance  worse than  $-10  preferably enough  money to  raise
-after  deducting  for  JL16  (this  your     balance     above     the
-issue), your  mailing  label  will  subscription  minimum).    If  you
-have a  "JL 16"  on it  indicating  cannot  afford   the  subscription
-that your  'subscription'  expires  amount,    you     may     request
-with the  current issue.   We must  scholarship  assistance   on   the
-receive  a   signed   subscription  subscription  form.     You   will
-request form  and enough  money to  receive highest priority after the
-cover the  subscription price  AND  most  active  volunteers  to  gain
-at  least  1/2  of  your  negative  such assistance  to fill  out your
-balance.   If  you  cannot  afford  balance to a 4-issue subscription.
-this  amount,   you  may   request
-scholarship assistance on the sub-  -     If  you   have  returned   a
-scription form,  but you  will  be  subscription form  and  have  more
-lowest  priority   for  such  sub-  than $10  in  your  balance  after
-scriptions unless  you are  a very  deducting for  JL16 (this  issue),
-active  volunteer.    Contributing  your mailing  label  will  have  a
-some of  the amount  required will  number between "JL 17" and "JL 20"
-raise your priority considerably.   on it;  your subscription  expires
-                                    with the  indicated  issue.    You
--  If  you  have  not  returned  a  have  either  been  given  a  full
-subscription   form,    and   have  four-issue subscription  (if there
-between  $-10   and  $10  in  your  is enough in your balance to cover
-balance after  deducting for  JL16  the price), or a partial-year sub-
-(this issue),  your mailing  label  scription prorated to your balance
-will  have   a  "JL   16"  on   it  amount ($7/issue  for  US/Canada).
-indicating        that        your  The subscription  price  has  been
-'subscription'  expires  with  the  deducted from your balance, and an
-current issue.   We must receive a  "*" on the mailing label indicates
-signed subscription  request  form  that your  subscription  has  been
-and  enough  money  to  cover  the  paid.   You  need  do  nothing  to
-subscription price.  If you cannot  continue  receiving  JL;  we  will
-afford  this   amount,   you   may  notify you by direct mail prior to
-request scholarship  assistance on  your last  subscription issue  for
-the  subscription   form.     Con-  renewal.
-tributing  some   of  the   amount
-required will  raise your priority
-considerably.
--   If you  have  not  returned  a
+Apparently unhappy with the Institute's progress in developing the language, a member of the Institute left and in November 1988 founded the Language Group. In February 1989, the Language Group published a newsletter regarding the progress of its logical language. In the newsletter, several references were made to Loglan, prompting the Institute to threaten the Language Group with a trademark infringement suit.
-subscription form,  and have  more
-than $10  in  your  balance  after
+On May 23, 1989, the Language Group petitioned the Board to cancel the Institute's registration of the mark Loglan, alleging that Loglan is merely a contraction of, or generic name for a logical language. The Language group also contended that the application for registration had been fraudulently made, or, if a trademark ever existed for Loglan, the mark had been abandoned. After both parties moved for summary judgment, the Board granted the Language Group's motion and ordered cancellation on the ground that Loglan is "a generic designation identifying a language rather than a trademark to indicate the source of goods." Additionally, the Board found that the application had not been fraudulently made and that the abandonment issue was moot. The Board refused to consider the affirmative defenses raised by the Institute, stating that some were not within the Board's jurisdiction and others were not good defenses against a charge of genericness. The Institute argues here that the Board erred in holding that Loglan was a generic term and in refusing to consider the affirmative defenses.
--     If  you   have  returned   a  "JL 17" since you have received no
-subscription form  and  have  less  chance to  send in  a subscription
-than $10  in  your  balance  after  request  form  until  now.    Your
-deducting for  JL16 (this  issue),  balance will  be charged  $10  for
-and  you  sent  at  least  $40  in  JL17 if  we have  not  received  a
-balance  contributions  between  1  form prior to that issue.
-Dec. 1991  and 15 April 1992, your
-mailing label will have "JL 20" on  -   When  you  stop  receiving  JL
-it.   You have  been given  a full  after the  subscription expiration
-four-issue  subscription.      The  issue, you  will automatically  be
-subscription price  has  been  de-  switched to  a subscription to the
-ducted from  your balance,  and an  newsletter le  lojbo karni  (LK  -
-"*" on the mailing label indicates  subscription price  of  around  $5
-that your  subscription  has  been  per year).   We expect to cull the
-paid.   You  need  do  nothing  to  LK mailing  list  after  the  next
-continue  receiving  JL;  we  will  fund-raising   mailer,    dropping
-notify  you  prior  to  your  last  those people  with  balances  less
-subscription issue for renewal.     than $-30.
-                                      We haven't  yet received  enough
--     If  you   have  returned   a  subscription  forms   to   justify
-subscription form  and  have  less  applying for  a 2nd  class postage
-than $10  in  your  balance  after  (though  we   are  close).     The
-deducting for  JL16 (this  issue),  highest  subscription   price  has
-and you have sent less than $40 in  been selected  because we'll  have
-balance  contributions   since   1  to pay  1st class/air mail postage
-December 1991,  your mailing label  rates for  at least  one issue, as
-will have a number between "JL 17"  well as  at least  $275 to  obtain
-and "JL  19" on it indicating that  the 2nd class permit (about $4 for
-your subscription expires with the  each subscriber)  that will  allow
-indicated issue.  You been given a  us to  save postage  costs  there-
-part-year subscription.   We  have  after.
-deducted the  cost of  this  issue
-from your  contribution (if  any),    Final  financial   results  from
-and   determined   your   prorated  last  year   -  Our   1991  income
-subscription period  based on  1/2  totalled $14,462.59, with expenses
-of the  remaining contribution (if  of $14,746.31,  for a  net loss on
-any), with  a minimum  of 1 issue.  the year  of about  $300.  Of that
-The amount of the subscription has  amount  $10,725.73  was  donations
-been deducted  from your  balance,  (around $6000  of  this  was  from
-and an  "*" on  the mailing  label  Lojbab and  Nora).  In total, only
-indicates that  your  subscription  $3700 was  contributed toward bal-
-has  been   paid.    You  need  do  ances from  over 850 people on our
-nothing to  continue receiving JL;  mailing list.   Only  through  our
-we will  notify you  prior to your  end-of-year  fund-raiser   did  we
-last   subscription    issue   for  even do  this well.   We  received
-renewal.  However, we ask that you  $2500 during  the last  20 days of
-contribute to  bring your  balance  December, much  of it  as a result
-positive if possible.               of  the  fund-raising  drive,  re-
-                                    ducing us  from a  deficit of over
--     If  you   have  returned   a  $2000 for the year that might have
-subscription form  and  asked  for  crippled us.
-scholarship   support   for   your    At the  end  of  1991,  we  owed
-subscription:   we  have  not  yet  about $5800  in legal  fees on the
-decided who will get such support,  trademark  battle,   which   we're
-but given  the above  policy,  you  repaying at  $500 per month.  This
-will at least receive JL17.         is taking every penny that Lojbab,
-                                    Nora and  Jeff Prothero,  who  are
--     If  you   are  an   overseas  financing the legal fees, can con-
-recipient  of  JL,  then  you  are  tribute.   We must  count  on  the
-slated to receive at least through
+=== DISCUSSION ===
-rest of  you  to  keep  the  orga-    Status this  year -  So  far  in
-nization going financially.         1992, we're  losing money.   Up to
-                                    now, against some $2500 in income,
-                                    we've spent around $2800; JL16 and
-                                    LK16 will  cost another $1200, and
-                                    we have  over  $1500  precommitted
-                                    towards future  JL  subscriptions.
-                                    Thus, we  expect to  need  another
-                                    fund-raising drive within a couple
-                                    of months.   I  hope to tie such a
-                                    fund-raiser to the announcement of
-                                    the first Lojban book.  But please
-                                    don't wait until then.  Contribute
-                                    now!   We don't  know yet  how  we
-                                    will  finance   book  publication,
-                                    which will  cost several  thousand
-                                    dollars.
-                                      Our Numbers - Support for Lojban
-                                    continues   to    grow    at    an
-                                    outstanding  rate;   we  lose  few
-                                    people (mostly people who move and
-                                    forget  to   tell  us   their  new
-                                    address), while  averaging  1  new
-                                    person every 2-3 days for the last
-                                    year.
-                                      Following  are  our  numbers  by
-                                    level   of   interest   and   sub-
-                                    scription, as  of this publication
-                                    (numbers  in  parentheses  include
-                                    multiple persons per address):
-                                      Level E  - Practitioner  (people
-                                    who have  actually produced Lojban
-                                    text, are  actively  working  with
-                                    the   language,    and   receiving
-                                    materials from us) - 13 (17)
-                                      Level D  - Lojban  Student -  95
-                                    (113)
-                                      Level C  - Active Observer - 139
-                                    (149)
-                                      Level B  - Inactive  Observer  -
-(663)
-                                      JL16 subscribers - 241 (272)
-                                      JL17 subscribers - 114 (130)
-                                      JL subscription request returned
-                                    - 66 (72)
-                                      Prepaid beyond JL17 - 55 (61)
-                                      LK subscribers
-                                      Total active  mailing  list  897
-                                    (965)
-                                            Athelstan Injured
-                                      Our efforts  on Lojban  here  in
-                                    the Washington  DC area were dealt
-                                    a  severe   blow  at  the  end  of
-                                    February.   Athelstan, one  of  la
-                                    lojbangirz.'s Directors,  received
-                                    a head injury in an auto accident,
-                                    causing severe  brain damage.   He
+==== A. Summary Judgment ====
-was in  a coma  for over  2 weeks,    Given my  close friendship  with
-but has  made good progress since.  Athelstan, I have had to undertake
-Early in April, he was transferred  commitments in  helping his family
-to  a   rehabilitation   hospital,  and  other   friends  support  his
-where  he   is  slowly   regaining  recovery; this  has taken  a  fair
-memory and  living skills;  he  is  amount of  time away  from Lojban,
-expected to remain in the hospital  though I  now seem  to be  back in
-until    at     least    mid-July.  control of  my schedule.   Indeed,
-Regaining his  full  abilities  is  the  incentive   of  knowing   how
-uncertain, and  doing so will take  fragile our effort is while so few
-many more months, if not years.     of us  know  the  details  of  the
-  Athelstan was  one of  the  most  language seems to have remotivated
-skilled of Lojbanists, and a major  me  to   get  the   community   of
-participant    in    our    weekly  Lojbanists who  are expert  in the
-conversation sessions  here in the  language up  to a  self-sustaining
-DC area.   We  have had  to change  level.  Even amidst tragedy, there
-from  conversation   sessions   to  can be growth and progress.
-teaching,  reading,  and  transla-
-tions sessions;  the  3  remaining          Language Education
-conversation-skilled people (Nora,
-Lojbab, and  Sylvia  Rutiser)  are    DC   Class    -   Even    before
-not enough 'critical mass' to keep  Athelstan's accident, we needed to
-conversations      lively      and  build up the activity of the local
-interesting.                        Lojban  community.     Now,  local
-  We've  also   lost   Athelstan's  teaching activities  are even more
-contribution to  the endless  work  vital.  As such, starting in June,
-that is  being done  around  here.  we'll be  trying to organize a new
-Athelstan had  written up his oft-  Lojban   class    here   in    the
-taught mini-lesson  in text  form,  Washington DC  area.    The  class
-and was  in the middle of revising  will probably  meet in  Fairfax VA
-it  for   publication   when   the  (although a  Rockville MD location
-accident occurred.   I may be able  is also  being considered),  on  a
-to finish  it, but  not quickly  -  weekly basis starting near the end
-too much  else to  do.   Athelstan  of June  and last  throughout  the
-was  also  one  of  the  principal  summer.   A principal goal will be
-reviewers  of   ju'i  lobypli  and  to raise the students' skill level
-other la  lojbangirz. publications  so  that   they  can   confidently
-that I  and others  write; we  can  participate     in     in-language
-only hope  that the quality of our  activities in  the August LogFest,
-products is  sustained without his  and be  able to continue in Lojban
-excellent  efforts   at   catching  conversation      sessions      or
-typos and  more serious  technical  translation activities  after  the
-errors.                             class ends.
-  The good news is that it appears    Needless to  say, if you will be
-that the  damage has not destroyed  in the  DC area  this summer,  and
-Athelstan's capacity for language,  are interested in participating in
-nor his  interest in  Lojban.   In  such a class, please contact me at
-mid-April,  he   responded  to  my  the masthead address or telephone,
-"coi.  .atlstan."  with  a  hearty  or via electronic mail per page 2.
-"coi." in  return.   At the end of
-our   otherwise   English-language    Other education  efforts -  Most
-visit, I  asked him  if he  remem-  of our  education efforts  in  the
-bered how  to  say  goodbye;  with  last  several   months  have  been
-only minimal  hesitation, he  came  through  electronic  mail  on  the
-back with a confident "co'o."       computer networks.  I've been able
-                                    to delegate  much of this teaching
-                                    effort out to other Lojbanists who
-                                    are active on Lojban List, and the
-                                    numbers and  competency  of  those
-                                    attempting to write on Lojban List
+The requirements for granting summary judgment in a trademark cancellation proceeding are the same as in any other case, viz., that there be no genuine issue of material fact and the movant be entitled to judgment as a matter of law. [*]. We review the propriety of summary judgment de novo. [*]
-has continued  to grow  with  each       Electronic Distribution
-passing month.
-  The network has also served as a  What is  available and  how -  The
-testing ground  for  new  teaching  electronic   distribution   policy
-materials.  Athelstan's draft text  announced  last   issue  has  been
-version of  his  mini-lesson  (see  implemented,  more-or-less.     We
-below) was  tried out  by about  2  have been  unable to  place JL and
-dozen people who returned comments  LK back-issues  and  a  few  other
-and answers  to exercises.   These  longer materials  on  the  Planned
-will be  lead to  a  significantly  Languages  Server  -  our  primary
-revised and  improved version  for  electronic distribution point.  We
-publication.                        have also been unable to implement
-  Similarly,  a   draft   of   the  the file verification program that
-Diagrammed Examples paper enclosed  we     intended     because     of
-with   this    issue   has    been  incompatibilities between computer
-extensively  distributed   on  the  systems    that     causes    such
-networks (as  well as  to many new  techniques to fail.
-mail order  Lojbanists) during the    In spite of this, there is now a
-last 6  months.  French-Australian  lot    of    material    available
-linguist   Jacques   Guy   finally  electronically, including  most of
-culminated this  review with  some  the  now  public  domain  language
-enormously   detailed    comments,  definition  materials   like  word
-leading to  the major revision and  lists and  formal grammars.   I've
-expansion   included   with   this  been  told   that  some   of  this
-issue.                              material has  been transferred  to
-  Even before  this final version,  Compuserve, and  I'm  hoping  that
-the  Diagrammed   Examples,   with  more  will   be  moved   to   that
-explanatory text,  has  proved  in  network, as  well as  to Genie and
-recent  months   to  be  the  most  other  public  computer  networks.
-significant learning  aid  to  new  (Let us  know if  you do  so,  and
-Lojbanists actually  attempting to  what stuff  you are posting where,
-learn   to   use   the   language.  so we can report accurately to the
-Several Lojbanists  used only this  community as  to  what  is  avail-
-paper and  word lists  (that  were  able).
-generally obtained  by  electronic    Following  is   a  list  of  all
-distribution  per  the  next  sec-  materials  (and  their  filenames)
-tion), to self-teach themselves to  available on the Planned Languages
-the  level   of  being   able   to  Server  as   of  this  publication
-translate Lojban  text written  by  date,   and    instructions    for
-more    experienced    Lojbanists.  obtaining them from the Server.
-Then, with  a few  such efforts to  __________________________________
-give them experience, we have seen            _____________
-these Lojbanists start to write in
-Lojban, making  relatively few and    This is  an updated  version  of
-minor errors  given the  lack of a  the  file   posted  to   the   PLS
-full teaching  text.   (Those  who  entitled "readme"  which  includes
-have  study   the  draft  textbook  an annotated and categorized index
-and/or  used  LogFlash  have  done  to all files on the list.
-still  better,   but  the   effec-    Following the  "readme" file  is
-tiveness of  this relatively brief  an abbreviated set of instructions
-description has  astounded several  for  obtaining   files  from   the
-of us  to the  point of motivating  server.  Send the one line message
-this new version.)                  'help' to:
-                                    langserv@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu
+The parties agree that the factual issues underlying genericness are undisputed. Though genericness itself has been categorized as a question of fact [*], the parties have each moved for summary judgment on that question. The Board considered the lengthy affidavits and numerous exhibits each party submitted in support of its motion, and concluded that Loglan was generic. Our review requires us to determine whether, based on the evidence of record, the Board was correct in that conclusion. After examining the record, we do not believe the Board erred in concluding that the Language Group was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
-                                    to  get  the  full  help  listing.
+==== B. Genericness ====
-                                    While you  can  put  multiple  re-
-                                    quests in  a file,  my  experience
-                                    has been  that  if  there  is  any
+The Lanham Act provides for the cancellation of a mark which is or has become the generic name for goods or services [*]. While a trademark registration has a presumption of validity, in a cancellation proceeding that presumption may be rebutted by evidence from the party seeking cancellation [*]. Before the Board, the Language Group presented numerous pieces of evidence to show that Loglan is used generically to designate a logical language.
-error on  any command,  the entire  the  network  is  not  free.    la
-set  is   disregarded.    I  would  lojbangirz.   spent   some   $2000
-therefore suggest  getting 1  file  during  1991  on  network  access,
-at a  time until you are sure what  supporting   Lojban   List,   this
-you are doing.                      archive, and  responding to people
-  "gismu.lst"  is   the  official,  like you.  We do not make a profit
-public domain  baseline that  many  on our printed materials, so it is
-Lojbanists  already   possess   in  your donations  that will allow us
-printed form.  It has 40-character  to continue  to serve  the network
-definitions of  the Lojban  gismu,  community of Lojbanists and people
-and has  been relatively unchanged  curious about Lojban.
-for a  few years  now.  Only minor    The files  listed following  are
-corrections have been put into the  the  official   postings  of   The
-posted file,  and the 20 new words  Logical Language  Group,  Inc.  on
-adopted  last   year  were   never  this server.   All  other postings
-added.                              should be considered unsanctioned,
-  "logdata.raw" is  a  preliminary  and possibly incorrect.
-version  of  the  new  gismu  list    Language  design  materials  are
-baseline.     I  intend   the  new  explicitly listed  here and in the
-baseline to  take  effect  shortly  documents themselves  as being  in
-after  the  publication  of  JL16,  the  public  domain.    All  other
-hopefully within a month.  I would  documents  are  copyrighted  under
-recommend   using    the   current  the same  heading listed above for
-"logdata.raw" file,  and  ignoring  this document.
-the "gismu.lst" file, UNLESS it is    Note on  file names.   All  file
-vital to  you to be using a public  names  ending   with  ".unf"   may
-domain version.   We  won't object  contain  lines  up  to  about  120
-to  any   copying  of   the  still  characters   long.        Original
-copyrighted draft  as long  as the  documents    published    by    la
-copyright notice  and  the  notice  lojbangirz.  are  formatted  using
-that it  is a  draft stays  intact  longer than  80  character  lines,
-with the file.  To all intents and  and this wider line-length was de-
-purposes,  the   old  40-character  termined to  give a  more readable
-file is  obsolete.   I would  rec-  text  when   that  formatting  was
-ommend  that   any  new   text  be  removed.   File names  ending with
-written  using  the  "logdata.raw"  ".txt"  are   generally  under  80
-place structures.   (All  text  in  characters in  width.   Other file
-this issue  probably presumes this  name    extensions     have     no
-newer version.)                     implication.
-  Questions on  any file?  Contact    Many files  are compressed using
-Bob LeChevalier  at  the  masthead  a rather  simplistic program  that
-address or via:                     tabifies   every    8   characters
-                                    INCLUDING A  SINGLE SPACE  IN A  0
-lojbab@grebyn.com                   MOD 8  POSITION.   We  have  since
-                                    learned that  some  tab  expanders
-  See the file "epolicy.txt" for a  will take  a TAB  in  a  0  mod  8
-more complete  explanation  of  la  position and expand it to 9 spaces
-lojbangirz.             electronic  instead of 1. This could cause you
-distribution policy.   We ask that  problems, which hopefully this no-
-users  of   these  files  consider  tice will  help you  correct if it
-donating money  for the support of  affects you.   We  consider this a
-The Logical  Language Group,  Inc.  failed experiment:   when  we next
-We  are   a  501(c)(3)  non-profit  send data  to PLS for uploading we
-organization  and  such  donations  will send  files without  the  tab
-are tax-deductible  in the  US, to  compression, but this may be a few
-the extent  they exceed  the price  months.
-of things  we send  you.  While it    The PLS  has very  limited  disk
-costs us  little for  you to get a  space.   la lojbangirz.  has  con-
-copy of the files on this archive,  vinced Mark and Jerry to post much
+The parties do not dispute that if Loglan is used generically to designate a language, the term cannot properly be registered as a trademark for "dictionaries and grammars" any more than English can be registered for a dictionary. That Loglan is not as well known as English is immaterial. Because a language is not "goods" or "services" under the Act [*], a name originated for a new language is inherently not registrable for the language. By the same token, a generic name of a language alone cannot function as a trademark to indicate origin of a dictionary describing that language. Thus, our determination hinges on whether the Board was correct in concluding that the term Loglan is, "a generic designation identifying a language."
-of the  material we sent them, but  pronounc.unf  9718    10-14-91
-they do  not have  room for all of    Pronunciation  guide.     Public
-it.  In particular, back issues of    domain.
-JL and  LK, and  a LOT  of  Lojban  gismu.lst     88717   01-09-92
-text could  not be posted.  I want    Baselined  gismu   list.  Public
-to see  some or  all of this mate-    domain.       Expected   to   be
-rial  available,   if  only  on  a    superseded soon  by  a  modified
-limited time basis.  Therefore, in    version of  "logdata.raw", which
-about 3  months, I  will be asking    will the be renamed "gismu.lst"
-Mark and  Jerry  to  tell  me  the  logdata.raw   115603  01-09-92
-rates   of   access   for   Lojban    Lojban gismu  (root word)  draft
-directory files.   Seldom accessed    update  >80 characters wide
-files may  be deleted  to allow us  roget.lst     40612   10-14-91
-to make  room for  new  stuff,  as    gismu sorted  by Roget category.
-listed at  the end  of  this  doc-    Draft.
-ument.   So please don't delay too  logdata3.cma  88312   10-14-91
-long if  you want to get a copy of    Lojban  cmavo  (structure  word)
-a file listed here.                   list.     Public  domain.  cmavo
-                                      order  >80 characters wide
-File Name     Bytes   Date          logdata3.lex  88312   10-14-91
-  Description                         Lojban  cmavo  (structure  word)
-                                      list.   Public  domain.  selma'o
-        Control documents             (grammar  category)   order  >80
-                                      characters wide
-readme        7668    01-09-92      lehavla.alg   2326    10-14-91
-  A version of this index.            Draft  proposal   for  borrowing
-epolicy.txt   2912    10-09-91        words.
-  The  la  lojbangirz.  Electronic
-  Distribution Policy                   Introductory Materials in
-orderfrm.unf  9497    10-14-91               Suggested Order
-  Current la  lojbangirz.  Product
-  List & Order Form; Include Paper  loglan.txt    8598    10-14-91
-  Postal  Address  on  any  order,    Introduction  and   history  for
-  please.                             those familiar with other Loglan
-                                      versions
-  Language Design Materials and     brochure.eng  62820   10-14-91
-              Drafts                  Basic    Lojban    Brochure    -
-                                      formatted  for  electronic  dis-
-grammar.28    64552   10-11-91        tribution
-  Baselined Lojban  Grammar - YACC  postbroc.txt  28312   10-14-91
-  version; Public Domain.  Without    An     edited     version     of
-  explanatory  text   included  in    brochure.eng abbreviated  so  as
-  printed versions.                   to   be    more   suitable   for
-bnf.28        7872    10-11-91        electronic transmission.
-  EBNF  form   of  the   Baselined  minilsne.txt  30917   10-16-91
-  Lojban Grammar.   Not  verified.    Draft introductory  Draft Lojban
-  Public domain.                      mini-lesson.   Return answers to
-                                      la lojbangirz. for correction.
-                                    overview.unf  63143   10-14-91
-                                      Overview  of  the  language  and
-                                      intro.   to   specialized   ter-
-                                      minology
-                                    diagexam.unf  10851   10-09-91
-                                      Diagrammed  Examples  of  Lojban
-                                      Text (the  original  version  of
-                                      the  one   in  JL16  -  the  new
-                                      version will  replace this  file
-                                      shortly, and  is a  much  longer
-                                      file)
+The Institute argues that the relevant public does not perceive Loglan as generic, but rather sees it as indicating a single source of the language. The public's perception is the primary consideration in a determination of genericness [*].
- Teaching Materials and Detailed      unpublished   draft   review   -
-            Discussion                Loglan 1
-useoldl1.txt  15233   10-14-91      ----------------------------------
-  How to  use  1975  Loglan  1  to            --------------
-  study Lojban  (partially correct    The following  unofficial  files
-  for 1989 version)                   are known  to be  in the  lojban
-newrafsi.unf  77773   10-14-91        directory   of    the    Planned
-  List of  Lojban rafsi (combining    Languages Server:
-  forms) and how to make compounds
-  (lujvo).                          brochure.french       49403   05-
-negation.unf  127903  10-14-91        11-90
-  Negation   in    Lojban.    Many    A  French   translation   of   a
-  examples.                           somewhat earlier  version of the
-scrabble.unf  6098    10-14-91        Lojban brochure.
-  Suggested game  rules  based  on  Description   2334    01-09-92
-  Lojban letter frequencies           The  official   PLS  description
-                                      file of  all files in the Lojban
-           Why Lojban?                directory.   Not as  detailed or
-                                      as accurate as this file.
-whylojb.txt   198651  10-14-91      elecread.me   815     06-24-91
-  General   discussion   on   'Why    An obsolete version of this file
-  Lojban?'  extracted   from  ju'i    that should soon be deleted
-  lobypli, Includes  JCB on  Sapir  Index         1280    01-03-92
-  Whorf.  Many contributors.          The  file   list  you   get   in
-mactrans.txt  12681   10-14-91        response to  the command  "index
-  Lojban and  machine  translation    lojban"
-  by Patrick Juola                  lojbroch.e-o.tex      69755   09-
-moody.txt     18972   10-14-91        12-91
-  Lojban   and    other    planned    The draft  Esperanto translation
-  languages by Todd Moody             of  the   Lojban   brochure   in
-lojb_esp.txt  180734  10-14-91        brochure.eng      Comments   and
-  Lojban  and   Esperanto   -   JL    suggestions welcome.
-  discussions  including  comments  metflidjimao-vedsia   23871   12-
-  from Donald  Harlow and Lojban's    19-90
-  'Answer' to the '16 Rules'        welding-shop  27415   12-19-90
-lojling.txt   18942   10-14-91        Jim Carter's  1984 Loglan  short
-  Lojban's      relevance       to    story and  English translation -
-  linguistics and  linguistics re-    not   Lojban    compatible   nor
-  search                              consistent with  the current TLI
-reply.txt     38747   10-14-91        language, it is still one of the
-Reply  to  Arnold  Zwicky's    longest  Loglan   texts  written
-"Language" Review of Loglan    originally in Loglan rather than
-                                   in  translation.
-netdisc.txt   178912  10-14-91
-  Extracted Network Discussions of   Forthcoming Material we hope to
-  Lojban and  Sapir-Whorf - mostly            post this year
--9/90
-                                    -    6 Draft  Textbook  Lessons  -
-           Lojban Text                updated to 1992 language
-                                    -    New Draft Textbook Lesson 1
-lordpray.unf  7781    10-14-91      -    Esperanto   Translation    of
-  Lojban Paternoster,  updated  to    Lojban Brochure  - Official  Re-
-  current  language.    A  prosaic    lease      (the       unofficial
-  version.                            "lojbroch.e-o.tex"  above  is  a
-                                      draft version of this release)
-         Other materials            -    Glossary of Lojban/linguistic
-                                      terminology
-l1longrv.txt  70543   6-08-91       -    Lojban    and     Sapir-Whorf
-                                      Bibliography
+The Institute concedes that the relevant public is "the small group of persons who have written about the language or have been involved in the invented language research effort as well as those to whom the Loglan language has been or is being marketed." The Institute's definition of "relevant public" is consistent with this court's reading of the term as encompassing both "actual [and] potential purchasers of ... goods or services." [*]. Evidence of what the relevant public understands the term to mean may come from direct consumer testimony, surveys, dictionary listings, newspapers, and other publication [*]. Although in many situation a survey is desirable to establish the public's perception, given the limited size of the relevant group here, the numerous examples submitted by the parties are sufficient to determine how the relevant group perceives the term Loglan.
--    Lojban       and       Prolog    "Path" is  used to  override the
-  demonstration example from JL16   mail path  that the archive server
--    Lojban gismu etymologies       chooses from  the header  of  your
--    Rebaselined gismu list         mail message.  You should use this
--    Revisions to the Lojban mini-  whenever you  know that the return
-  lesson                            address of  your message  will not
--    the  JL16   version  of   the  be useful  to the  archive server.
-  Diagrammed Summary of Lojban      The  archive   server  only  knows
--    Synopsis      of       Lojban  about domain style address.
-  Orthography, Phonology, Morphol-
-  ogy - updated to 1992               e.g.                        path
--    tense paper - introduction to  jbaltz@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu
-  Lojban tense structures
--    attitudinal paper  -  updated  send <archive> <file..>
-  to 1992
--    logical connectives  paper  -    "Send" mails to you the files in
-  introduction to logical and non-  the specified archive.  All of the
-  logical connectives               files that  you  request  will  be
--    MEX paper - Lojban expression  sent  to   you  archived  together
-  of mathematical text              possibly encoded and split up into
--    lerfu  paper   -   expressing  messages that  are small enough to
-  alphabets and special symbols in  be mailed.   You  may have as many
-  Lojban                            "sends" in  the body  of your mail
--    (papers are  planned to cover  message as you wish.
-  other  aspects   of  the  Lojban
-  grammar and  will also be posted    e.g.     send lojban logdata.raw
-  as available)
--    All  published  Lojban  text;    By  default,   files  that   are
-  Not updated to current language.  mailable are simply stuck together
-  Mostly   translated    &    with  with the  text "cut  here" between
-  commentary.   Probably with some  files and;  non-mailable files are
-  kind of  difficulty and  quality  archived  via   Unix  "tar".  Non-
-  grading  to   help  you   choose  mailable files  must be  converted
-  appropriate materials.            to something mailable.  By default
-                                    this  is   done  with  "uuencode".
- Abbreviated instructions for the   Some large  or  long-lined  Lojban
-            PLS server              files  may   be  considered   non-
-                                    mailable, and you will need to run
-  To make  the archive  server  do  the companion  program  "uudecode"
-something  you   should  send   an  which will  decode a  message that
-electronic mail message to:         was  encrypted  using  "uuencode".
-                                    This is  a standard  Unix command;
-langserv@hebrew.cc.columbia.edu     Unix users  should see your system
-                                    administrator if  you  don't  know
-  Use a  null subject  line.   The  how  to   do  this.     On  MS-DOS
-body of the message should consist  machines, there  are a  variety of
-of one command per line.  The case  utility versions  of the  decoding
-of  the   text  does  not  matter.  tool; we have no information about
-Note,  however,  that  the  server  other computer system versions.
-runs on  a UNIX  system, and thus,
-for  filenames,   the  case   DOES              Logfest 92
-matter, so  be sure  the files you
-request are properly capitalized.     Because  of  Athelstan's  injury
-                                    and other  schedule  problems,  we
-  You can  find out what files are  have  delayed   LogFest   92,   la
-available with  the command "index  lojbangirz.'s annual  meeting  and
-lojban".                            gathering  of   Lojbanists   until
-                                    August.  The planned date for this
-path <mail-path>                    gathering here  in Fairfax  VA, is
-                                    August 14-17,  1992.    If  you're
+The evidence indicates the Dr. Brown himself has used the term Loglan only in a generic sense. For example, in 1984, Brown stated to the Institute's membership:
-interested in  coming,  and  espe-  started, will eventually amount to
-cially if  you will  be travelling  a    complete     and     detailed
-from out-of-town,  please  let  us  description of the language.
-know.       As   usual,   we   can    People  have   been  justifiably
-accommodate  several   out-of-town  frustrated by the continuing delay
-visitors  as  sleeping-bag  guests  in   textbook    and    dictionary
-here at Bob and Nora's house.  You  publication.   However, this state
-can get  here via  subway from all  should not  stop most  people from
-major transportation services into  being  able   to  learn   and  use
-Washington DC, and you're unlikely  Lojban.  Indeed, with the possible
-to need  a rental car.  Thus, it's  exception of  Esperanto (and  only
-a cheap weekend of Lojban fun - we  then  because  so  much  has  been
-ask  only  that  attendees  donate  written about it in 100 years), it
-around  $25-$40   or  whatever  to  can safely  be said that Lojban is
-cover food costs for the weekend.   by far the most thoroughly defined
-  Originally, LogFest  was planned  artificial language  that has ever
-for the last weekend in June (June  existed.     And  we  continue  to
--28, 1992).  Because some people  refine that  definition -  not  so
-already made plans to come in from  much  because   people  need  such
-out-of-town, we will dedicate that  details to learn the language, but
-weekend to  Lojban  activities  as  because linguists and computer re-
-well, and  others are  invited  to  searchers seeking  to  use  Lojban
-come,  too,  making  in  effect  a  for  applications   need  as  much
-second LogFest  this summer.  This  detail as  possible  to  plan  re-
-first gathering  in June  will  be  search activities.
-informal; since  there will  be no    The final development activities
-formal meeting,  there  should  be  of significance are those that are
-plenty of  time for  a variety  of  tied to  preparation of  the first
-Lojban   activities,    especially  Lojban book,  which  is  a  proto-
-activities for new people who want  dictionary  and   reference  book.
-to get  started  in  learning  the  Preparing this book has required a
-language.   Let us know if you are  complete and  detailed  review  of
-planning to  come, so  we can make  the gismu  list place  structures,
-plans.                              trying to  make them  as clear and
-                                    detailed   as    possible,   given
-   Language Development Status      limited space.   There  also  were
-                                    some   place   structure   changes
-  The  language   has  been  quite  needed as  a result of the 'sumti-
-stable in the last several months.  raising'  change   discussed  last
-With the  breakup of  the USSR, we  issue, and  also as  a  result  of
-have  added   cultural  gismu  for  other design  decisions made  over
-"Ukrainian" and  "Slavic".   There  the  last  few  years.    We  also
-have been  a few  cmavo additions,  wanted to  add in multiple English
-and  one   or  two   deletions  in  synonyms where applicable, so that
-connection with work by John Cowan  the English  side of the resulting
-on papers  describing  the  Lojban  dictionary  will   no  longer   be
-tense     system,     mathematical  limited    to    the    sometimes-
-language,  and  representation  of  inaccurate unique English keywords
-foreign alphabets.                  that the  gismu list  currently is
-  Far more  significant  has  been  based on.   In a few cases, actual
-those  papers   themselves,  which  usage has  pointed up  a need  for
-have    greatly     refined    the  change, either  because the  place
-specificity   of    the   language  structure was  too vaguely defined
-definition  in  three  areas  that  for  use,  or  because  the  sumti
-have not  been much used by people  values that were required for some
-trying to  use Lojban.    John  is  place structure  places  were  too
-continuing  to   work  on  papers,  difficult to  specify  for  'real'
-which, added  to (updated versions  language use.   As a result, there
-of) the  negation and  attitudinal  are a lot of little changes to the
-papers that  were done  before  he  working  draft   versions  of  the
+<blockquote>
-gismu list.   The  final draft  is           Weekend Meeting
+I'm insisting on moving in the right direction for Loglan whether this means losing control of the institute I founded or not... Your can always write me if you still want to talk to me about Loglan, or to help me in putting it to use. As a private person I shall always be available to my old Loglandian friends... Loglan may not suffer very much... Health permitting I'll still write those couple of books. Perhaps with my example others will too.
-expected  to  go  out  for  review
+</blockquote>
-within a  couple  of  weeks  after    We finally  knew for  sure  that
-this issue is mailed (over 1100 of  the design  of  the  language  was
-the  1400   Lojban  entries   were  solidified  after  an  all-weekend
-completed  and  verified  at  this  meeting that  took  place  January
-writing).   After a  few weeks for  18-20, 1992.   John  Cowan came to
-that review,  the first  book will  town,  and   several  of  us  met,
-be assembled and published.         settling nearly  all  open  design
-                                    questions.   Following is  a  more
-                                    thorough report  on that  meeting,
-                                    what  happened,  and  what  design
-                                    decisions took  place.   Attendees
-                                    included Bob LeChevalier (lojbab),
-                                    John  Cowan,   Nora   LeChevalier,
-                                    Athelstan,  and   Sylvia  Rutiser,
-                                    with pc  joining  in  by  phone  a
-                                    couple of times.
-                                      The original agenda included:
+His encouragement for others to write Loglan books or books in Loglan negates the claim now asserted of proprietary rights in Loglan.
-                                    - A  2nd review  of papers  on the
-                                      Lojban  tense   system  and  MEX
-                                      (mathematical       expressions)
-                                      system,  with   the  intent   of
-                                      having them  ready, if possible,
-                                      for publication with JL16.
-                                    - Nora  and John have been working
-                                      on a  formal  statement  of  the
-                                      Lojban morphology algorithm, and
-                                      some  issues  needed  resolution
-                                      and decision.
-                                    -  Deciding   on  all  open  cmavo
-                                      questions, to  allow a  baseline
-                                      of that list.
-                                    - Reviewing  all open  comments on
-                                      the   place    structures    and
-                                      definitions of gismu
-                                    -  Review   of  the   progress  in
-                                      switching JL over to a subscrip-
-                                      tion basis and the current fund-
-                                      raising drive
-                                    - Preliminary  decisions  on  book
-                                      publishing
-                                    - Determining  a policy on efforts
-                                      by Dave  Cortesi, Bob  Chassell,
-                                      and  others   to  put   together
-                                      Lojban reference books.
-                                    -  Including   John  in  a  Lojban
-                                      conversation  session   (he  has
-                                      never  before   been   able   to
-                                      participate in one, since no one
-                                      else in the NYC area seems to be
-                                      actively studying).
-                                      John arrived  late Friday night,
+Also, the Institute published a book, entitled "Loglan (1): A Logical Language." Included in the 1989 version is the statement
-                                    and we  started the  weekend right
-                                    by talking  till 4  AM.  Athelstan
-                                    arrived about  2 AM  to  join  the
-                                    party.  Most of Saturday was spent
-                                    socializing     and     discussing
+<blockquote>
-business  matters,   and   various  would be  allowed  under  the  new
+In my English idiolect, as in Loglan and French, words like "loglanist", "loglandic" and "loglandical" are general terms like "cat" and "dog" (i.e., common nouns or adjectives) and therefore uncapitalized, whereas words like "Loglan" and "Loglandia" are singular terms (words with single designata, like "John" or "Greenland") and therefore capitalized. Both Loglan and French are more fastidious about such logical matters than Standard English.
-minor issues,  and  reviewing  the  grammar.   Because we  want people
+</blockquote>
-tense paper.   Saturday  night, we  to   stick    with   the   current
-again quit  late, around 5 AM this  baseline,  we  are  not  going  to
-time, with everyone rising in time  distribute or talk much more about
-to be  fully awake  for the Lojban  the next one until it is ready for
-conversation session.   That ended  adoption   (at    the   time    of
-up starting  late, but the 5 of us  publication of  the  first  book),
-participated  in   fairly   lively  but people  who have an early need
-discussion  for   about  2  hours.  for the  information  can  request
-John had no real trouble following  it.   I will summarize the changes
-what was  said, and  throwing  his  in store  so people  know what  is
-own comments  in.   We then talked  going on:
-in English for about an hour until
-Sylvia and Athelstan had to leave.  1)  correction   of  a  precedence
-  After  dinner,   we  started  on  error, so  that EK+KE and GIhEK+KE
-place structures,  and kept  going  bind  more   tightly  than   other
-until 5  AM  again.    We  resumed  connective structures;
-around 11  AM, and  kept  cranking  2) adding  JEK+BO to  parallel  BO
-till   5    AM   Tues.    morning.  connective  structures  for  other
-Athelstan was  there  for  all  of  logical connectives;
-Monday's discussions,  Nora lasted  3) permitting  free  modifiers  in
-until 10:30  PM, since  she had to  several new places;
-work on Tuesday.  There was a long  4) adding selma'o ZEI to support a
-conversation  with   pc   in   the  morphology algorithm  change  (see
-afternoon to  resolve issues  that  below);
-he needed a voice/vote in.  Monday  5)  permitting  "GEK  sentence  GI
-evening, we  took a break from the  observative";
-x1's and  x2's of place structures  6) in  the current  baseline gram-
-to work on the x's and y's of MEX.  mar, it  is impossible  to  use  a
-  On  Tuesday,  John  and  I  woke  PA+MAI   free-modifier   after   a
-around 11  AM,  and  kept  talking  number   even    though   it    is
-till I  dropped  him  at  the  bus  apparently  grammatically   legal:
-station  around   1  PM.     Whew!  the number  will absorb  the added
-Everything accomplished.            PA  values  because  there  is  no
-  Now  here   is  the  summary  of  implicit "BOI" at the end of these
-effects:                            numbers.  The problem was fixed by
-                                    reworking the rules specifying how
-             Grammar                free modifiers  attach to  numbers
-                                    so  that   BOI  can  be  added  to
-  The   grammar   is   of   course  separate them.
-baselined and frozen until we make  7)  after   long   analysis,   the
-updates and  republish it  in  the  relative-modifier logical  connec-
-Lojban books.  Because we want the  tive selma'o  ZIhE was  determined
-books to reflect the grammar after  not to  be especially  useful as a
-the books  are  done,  we  do  our  logical connective,  and the group
-writing based  on that  next revi-  has  been  stripped  down  to  the
-sion of  the grammar.   There  are  single word "zi'e", which now sim-
-now 15  minor changes  planned for  ply indicates  the  attachment  of
-that revision,  all  but  4  being  multiple relative  modifiers to  a
-extensions to  the language.  When  single  sumti.      The   multiple
-we write  and publish materials in  logical connective  grammar  rules
-JL, they  should be  in accordance  that were  present for  ZIhE  were
-with the  current baseline.  Next-  stripped down  to  a  single  rule
-baseline grammar changes will only  supporting simple connection;
-be   used    in    the    unlikely  8) allowing I+BO-initial sentences
-circumstance that  something needs  at the beginning of text;
-to be  phrased using  a  construct  9) allowing  NAI at  the beginning
-that is  now  illegal,  but  which  of text;
+As he stated, Loglan is a name for a language like French or English. Based on all this evidence, the Board had adequate basis to conclude that both Brown and the Institute adopted the term Loglan as the generic name of a language.
-) allowing  any kind of JOI non-              Morphology
-logical connectives  to be used in
-forethought,  in   parallel   with    John and  Nora have resolved all
-forethought  causal   connectives:  open    issues    regarding    the
-JOI GI construct GI construct;      morphology algorithm,  and  it  is
-) POhO,  which has been required  included in  JL16 for final review
-at   the    end   of    incomplete  before    publication    in    the
-sentences,  will   be  eliminated;  reference book.  Problems included
-POhO was added at one point due to  strings  of   vowels   and   lujvo
-problems found in some versions of  involving  le'avla.     Since  the
-YACC (including  the one  we  were  morphology      is      baselined,
-using) that  caused  a  parser  to  technically  any   change   is   a
-falsely declare  an  ambiguity  in  baseline change,  but all  changes
-such incomplete  sentences.   POhO  being considered  are in areas not
-has been  shown to  no  longer  be  well-defined in  the existing  in-
-necessary;                          formal 'Synopsis'  that  describes
-) NIhE,  one of  the  converters  the   morphology.       Highlights
-used to  integrate  MEX  with  the  (again,   these    are   post-book
-rest of  the grammar,  now permits  baseline features.):
-an entire complex selbri construct
-to be converted;                    - Adding  selma'o ZEI,  with  only
-)   NAhE    is   disallowed   in  cmavo   "zei",    will   eliminate
-forethought 'termsets'.   The rule  various other  schemes  of  making
-permitting it had been erroneously  lujvo using  le'avla, all of which
-generated    from     a    similar  involved  either  tricky  stress/-
-structure.  Contrary negation of a  pronunciation  problems   or   had
-termset  is  not  defined  in  the  potential breakdowns  of a  nature
-negation paper.                     similar  to  the  'Tosmabru  test'
-) Multiple  I  and/or  I+BO  are  used in regular lujvo.  The result
-permitted at the beginning of text  would  have   been  rules  so  un-
-(a benefit primarily for those who  intuitively complicated as to make
-stutter);                           them impractical  to  use  on-the-
-)  Allow   SE   conversions   of  fly, when most such compounds will
-abstract   and    negated   selbri  be made.    ZEI  is  processed  in
-without KE/KEhE parentheses.        advance of  lexer rules  (as is BU
-                                    for lerfu  and ZO,  LOhU, ZOI, SI,
-  If that  list doesn't make a lot  SA, and  SU) as  part of  the met-
-of sense,  don't worry  about  it.  alinguistic grammar.    It  causes
-These truly  are abstruse 'little'  one word immediately before it and
-changes in  the grammar  that  are  one word  immediately after  it to
-unlikely   to    affect   anyone's  be considered joined into a single
-conversation  and   writing   very  construct equivalent  to a BRIVLA.
-much, if at all.                    With  the  exception  of  some  of
-                                    those  metalinguistic  cmavo  just
-                                    listed, any  Lojban word can be so
-                                    joined  to   any  other,  allowing
-                                    lujvo to  be based  on cmavo  that
-                                    have no rafsi, as well as le'avla.
-                                    Many-part le'avla  lujvo will have
-                                    a ZEI  between each pair of terms.
-                                    Regular gismu  and lujvo  may also
-                                    be used as terms in a ZEI lujvo.
-                                    - cmavo space is now recognized to
-                                    include certain  structures with 0
-                                    or 1  consonant, followed  by more
-                                    than two  vowels, with  apostrophe
-                                    used between  every  pair  (except
-                                    when  diphthongs   occur).    Thus
-                                    "zo'o'o'o" could  be a legal cmavo
+The Institute argues that no one else has used the term Loglan in a generic fashion and that by capitalizing Loglan in its newsletter, the Language Group itself treats the term in a non-generic manner. We disagree. Capitalization is the correct form for the name of a language, e.g., English, French, or German [*]; this it is compatible with generic use. Moreover, the Language Group's own logical language, "Lojban", is referred to as a type of Loglan. The Language Group refers to "[Brown's] version of 'Loglan'" and states that "Lojban is indeed a Loglan."
-(with an obvious meaning of a more  be changed,  since "mz"  is not  a
-intense humor?)  These will not be  permissible medial.  "djeimyz." is
-considered for  defined  use,  but  acceptable.
-are  added   to  the  experimental
-cmavo space.    The  grammar  will                cmavo
-treat   all    experimental    and
-undefined cmavo  as if  they  were  The following  cmavo  changes  are
-members of UI.                      made.   Note that  one the  cmavo,
-                                    "zei", has grammar contingent upon
-- When  one word  ends in a vowel,  the next  baseline.  It will be in
-and the following begins with one,  the next  draft of  the cmavo list
-a pause,  and not a glide, must be  anyway, even  though  the  current
-used to pronounce them.  This con-  grammar will not handle it.
-firms the  original  design  deci-
-sion.   Actual usage has been that  zei ZEI lujvo glue joins preceding
-some  UI  members  have  not  been                     and   following
-separated  from   each  other  and                     word   into   a
-other vowels  by pauses,  and this                     lujvo
-was determined to be too difficult
-for the  resolver to handle, so it  ne'o    VUhU       factorial  reas
-remains forbidden.   An example is                     signed     from
-".ua.ui" which has been pronounced                     "zei"  to  make
-"/wah,wee/",  but   must  be  pro-                     room for above
-nounced  as   "/wah.wee/".      An
-example showing  the problems that  bu'u    FAhA       coincident with
-can result  is ".ui.iu",  which if                     space/time
-pronounced  without   a  pause  is                     tense   equiva-
-indistinguishable from ".ui,u".                        lent of CA
-- Names  will be permitted to have  be'a    FAHA       north of   from
-"la", "lai",  and  "doi"  in  them                     "berti"
-WHEN  PRECEDED   BY  A  CONSONANT.  ne'u    FAhA       south of   from
-This means  that the  'd'  or  'l'                     "snanu"
-must be the at-least-2nd in a con-  du'a    FAhA       east of    from
-sonant  cluster   such  that   the                     "stuna"
-preceding letter  and the d/l form  vu'a    FAhA       west of    para
-a  permissible   cluster,  or  are                     llel       with
-initial  at  the  beginning  of  a                     "du'a"
-word.   This  means  that  a  name  (these are added for compatibility
-"zdoil." or "jdoil." is legal, and  with languages/cultures that use a
-every consonant except another "l"  fixed    reference    frame    for
-is  permitted   before  "la"   and  directions instead  of a  speaker-
-"lai".             Thus      while  based one.  A secondary if trivial
-"*nort.kerolainas."        remains  advantage is  that a  Lojban wind-
-illegal, it  can easily be changed  vane is  more interesting, instead
-to "nort.kerlainas.".   This  will  of having  the letters B-S-S-S for
-then  allow  a  certain  erroneous  the four cardinal points.)
-comic strip  to be  corrected,  by
-naming the  cat  "mlat.",  "*lat."  voi NOI descriptive clause    non-
-remaining   illegal.    It    also                     veridical
-corrects  the  embarrassment  that                     restrictive
-the  other  English  name  of  the                     clause used  to
-language -  "loglan."   - has been                     form       com-
-an illegal name in "lojban."                           plicated    le-
-                                                       like   descrip-
-- Names  are  formally  restricted                     tions     using
-from having  impermissible  medial                     "ke'a"
-consonant clusters  in them.   The  This  is   in  a  way  similar  to
-most significant effect of this is  "goi"/GOI, but  used with  clauses
-to require  the name "*djeimz." to  (bridi) on  the right.  It defines
+In addition to generic use of the term Loglan by the Institute and the Language Group, others have so used the term. Numerous letters have been written to the Language Group inquiring about Loglan, requesting to be maintained on its Loglan mailing lists, and even inquiring about the status of the Loglan language being developed by the Language Group. The fact that the "consuming public" would write to someone other than the Institute regarding the Loglan language indicates that third parties understand Loglan to be a generic term; this understanding did not arise only from actions of the Language Group. Rather, the Language Group and the public merely followed the generic usage of the Institute.
-a sumti  on the  left as being the  va'u    BAI        benefited by
-thing  the  speaker  has  in  mind                     indication of a
-which fills  "ke'a" in the clause.                     beneficiary
-Nick Nicholas  asked for  this  in                     when formulated
-connection with  an alternate  ap-                     as  "seva'u"  =
-proach to  sumti-raising  that  he                     "for        the
-prefers to "tu'a".                                     benefit    of";
-                                                       from    "xamgu"
-Example:                                               (replaces     a
-ko'a     voi      lenu ke'a cisma                      useful function
-cu pluka mi       cu zutse                             of   the   word
-The it1  whose    smiling pleases                      "du'a", deleted
-me  sits.                                              last year as an
-The one  whose smile pleases me is                     English-biased
-sitting down.                                          member of BAI)
-to'a    BY         lower      case  bi'u    BAhE       de-emphasize
-                   shift reassigne                     next  the
-                   d from  current                     reverse      of
-                   "voi";     from                     "ba'e"    which
-                   "tordu"                             emphasizes  the
-                                                       next   word   -
-ma'e    BAI        of material                         added        in
-                   used to  add  a                     emulation of  a
-                   material  to  a                     similar
-                   bridi      more                     function   word
-                   specific   than                     in   the   Mon-
-                   the    existing                     golian language
-                   "seta'i";  from                     Dagur
-                   "marji"
-                                    ce'a    LAU        font shift chan
-de'a    ZAhO       pausitive  even                     ge of  selma'o;
-                   t contour for a                     indicates  that
-                   temporary  halt                     the   following
-                   and     ensuing                     character
-                   pause   in    a                     specifies a new
-                   process;   from                     font      (e.g.
-                   "denpa"                             italic,   block
-di'a    ZAhO       resumptive even                     print, or manu-
-                   t  contour  for                     script). Super-
-                   resumption of a                     sedes       old
-                   paused process                      "ce'a"      and
-Example:                                               "pe'e"    which
-mi       de'a    citka    ca  lenu                     were        too
-la noras.    tavla                                     limited;    the
-I pausitively    eat      while                        latter  is  now
-  Nora   talks.                                        unassigned.
-I stop eating while Nora talks.
-                                    (In addition,  the grammar changes
-vu'i    LUhI       the sequence     described  above   also  freed  up
-                   converts  other  po'o, zi'a, zi'i, zi'o, and zi'u.)
-                   sumti types  to
-                   sequences, even  remaining unassigned (27):
-                   if the order is  bi'a bi'e bu'o (bo'a     bo'e bo'i
-                   vague            bo'o bo'u)     ce'e ce'u ci'a do'i
-                                    ja'u ju'e mi'i na'a ne'e pe'e po'o
-                                    re'u te'i va'e vu'o zi'a zi'i zi'o
-                                    zi'u
-                                                  gismu
+==== C. Equitable Defenses ====
-                                             Keyword changes
-The  following   two   gismu   are
-proposed  for   addition  to   the    The     following     constitute
-baselined  list,   and   will   be  baseline  changes,   even   though
-adopted pending no objection:       there is  no significant change of
-                                    meaning.   They will be considered
-vukro     vuk vu'o  Ukrainian x1    adopted unless there is objection.
-                  pertains to  the
-                  Ukrainian           All  metric  prefixes  currently
-                  language/-        have keywords of the form:
-                  culture/nation
-                  in aspect x2      megdo     10E6
-slovo     lov     Slavic x1
-                  pertains      to  It has  been pointed out that this
-                  Slavic      lan-  does   not    conform   to    most
-                  guages/culture/-  exponential   notations.       The
-                  ethnos in aspect  keywords will  be globally changed
-                  x2                to use "1" instead of "10" giving:
-(lovle'u          Cyrillic    x1
-                  is a  letter  of  megdo     1E6
-                  Cyrillic     al-
-                  phabet              The following  are being changed
-                  symbolizing x2)   to make them consistent with other
-                                    culture words  by referring to the
-These have  been reviewed  by Ivan  culture   rather   than   to   the
-Derzhanski,  as  our  only  active  defining element of the culture.
-native-Slavic  Lojbanist.      The
-breakup of  the Soviet  Union, has  budjo     Buddhist  x1 pertains to
-made Ukraine  a large country with            the  Buddhist  culture/-
-a Russian speaker base, one with a            religion/nation       in
-Slavic language  of its  own and a            aspect x2
-nationalistic  interest  in  being  dadjo     Taoist    x1 pertains to
-clearly distinct  from Russia  and            the Taoist culture/reli-
-the   ex-Soviet   Union.      (The            gion/nation in aspect x2
-definition  of  "softo"  is  being  jegvo     Jehovist  x1 pertains to
-broadened to cover the old Russian            culture/religion of  the
-empire and  the new  Commonwealth,            Judeo-Christian-Islamic
-but remains  tied to  the  keyword            deity in aspect x2
-'Soviet' because  there really  is  xriso     Christian x1 pertains to
-no  other  distinct  word.)    Our            the Christian  culture/-
-standards   for   cultural   gismu            religion/nation       in
-clearly put  Ukraine in  the group            aspect x2
-that should  have a  gismu.   (The
-other  republics,   except  Russia    The change in keyword of "mukti"
-itself,  will   be  covered   with  to  "motive",  part  of  the  last
-le'avla.)                           baseline change,  did not get into
-                                    the Planned  Languages Server file
-With    two     Slavic     peoples  for  some   reason,   along   with
-represented, the  family name also  appropriate   definition   wording
-requires  a   gismu  (as   "semto"  changes.   Some copies of LogFlash
-exists to  cover Hebrew and Arabic  were distributed  with this change
-commonalties).    As  shown,  this  omitted.
-gismu  will   also  be   used   to
-generate a lujvo for "Cyrillic", a                rafsi
-better  choice   than  "rusko"  or
-"softo" for  making  a  lujvo  for  "du" will  be added to the list as
-that concept, anyway.               a result  of  being  assigned  the
-                                    rafsi "dub"  and "du'o".   "selci"
-                                    is being given "sle" from "selfu",
-                                    which in  turn will be given "sef"
+As part of its answer, the Institute alleged various affirmative defenses, including the equitable defenses of unclean hands, estoppel, fraud, acquiescence, and waiver. The Board found that the unclean hands, fraud and estoppel defenses were based on allegation of trade secret theft and infringement and therefore were not within the jurisdiction of the Board. Further, the Board stated that the equitable defense of acquiescence was not valid against the claim that the mark was generic. We affirm.
-from "sefta".   (Since the January  - More  care is  being taken  with
-meeting, we  have compiled  a list  'under  conditions'  places.    In
-of all  lujvo  used  thus  far  in  many cases,  an 'under conditions'
-Lojban text.  This will be used to  place may  be appropriate  to some
-generate a more accurate tuning of  event/state within  a single place
-the rafsi  assignments to  reflect  of a  bridi, rather  than applying
-expected usage.   A few additional  to the main bridi itself.
-rafsi  changes   are   likely   to
-result, and  will  appear  in  the  - The  use of  "du'u" abstractions
-completed book.                     is clearly  distinguished in place
-                                    structures  dealing  with  truths.
-         Place structures           Some places dealing with knowledge
-                                    and truth  have been  cleft paral-
-We cannot  list all  of the  place  leling the "djuno" place structure
-structure changes  and  definition  change in JL15.
-changes being  made  for  the  new
-baselined   list.       Based   on  - All known cleft place structures
-decisions at  the weekend meeting,  have been reviewed, with more than
-about 20%  of the  words will have  half  eliminated   by  putting  an
-some   change   from   the   draft  event clause  in x1.   A few, such
-"logdata.raw" list  posted to  the  as "simlu",  are remaining  cleft,
-PLS  and  distributed  to  advance  but are  worded so  as to  suggest
-recipients of the new LogFlash (We  "ka" property abstractions instead
-were BUSY!).   Most  of these  are  of events in the cleft abstraction
-minor  and   clarifying.      (The  place.
-complete review  that Bob is doing
-while typing  in these changes has  The  following   are  particularly
-resulted  in   many   more   minor  significant  changes  in  meaning.
-changes, mostly  clarifications in  Since there  is no keyword change,
-wording).                           these are  not considered relevant
-  Some general notes:               to the  baseline; place structures
-                                    have  never   been  frozen.    The
-- Bob  Chassell proposed  a  large  wording is abbreviated and approx-
-set of  synonyms be  listed; these  imate, and  there may  be  further
-are being  added to the definition  changes before the list is finally
-field to make computer searches of  frozen.   For now,  however,  this
-the list  easier.   These synonyms  will clarify  the meanings of many
-will   also   show   up   in   the  words, and should give a good idea
-dictionary as  additional  English  as to the nature of the most major
-entries.                            changes being made.
--  A  clarification  of  sets  and  balvi     x1 is in the future of/-
+Application of these defenses must be considered in light of the clear purposes of the Trademark Act that a registered mark may be cancelled at any time on the ground that it is generic [*], and also in light of the Board's discretionary power to apply the defenses.
-masses  and  sequences  and  their      later than/after  x2  in  time
-roles as  place holders  in  bridi      (ONLY; cf. lidne)
-caused many  changes  in  wording.  bilni     x1     is     military/-
-All places  where these  have been      regimented/strongly
-identified as  likely placeholders      organized/prepared  by  system
-have been  examined  and  will  be      x2 for purpose x3
-identified if space permits.        caxno     (paralleling       condi
-                                        below)
-- Several 'properties' gismu which  cfari     x1   (nu)    commences/-
-are      generally      considered      begins/initiates/starts
-subjective,  have   gained  a  'by      (intransitive) [no change, but
-standard' place.  The standard may      cf. sisti)
-only  the   personal  one  of  the  cimde     x1  is  a  dimension  of
-observer, whatever  that  may  be.      space/object x2  according  to
-Colors are  NOT included  in  this      rules/model x3
-change.                             clupa     x1  is   a  loop/circuit
-                                        in/of material  x2 defined  by
-                                        (set of points) x3
+To support the defenses of unclean hands, estoppel, and fraud, the Institute pleaded that the Language Group "wrongfully acquired the trade secrets of the [Institute]..., and has converted and used such trade secrets to [Language Group]'s benefit... [and that the Language Group] wrongfully used the mark 'Loglan' in interstate commerce..., thereby infringing on [the Institute's] trademark." As pleaded, these defenses are essentially claims of trademark infringement and unfair competition premised on the Institute's assertion of trademark rights in Loglan. The Institute also alleges that after it demanded that the Language Group stop using its "mark," the latter acquiesced and ceased using Loglan to designate its logical language.
-cmavo     x1 is  a structure  word  naxle     (paralleling       dargu
-    having grammar  exemplified by      above)
-    word x2  with meaning function  pajni     x1  judges/is   a  judge
-    x3 in language x4                   determining/deciding matter x2
-condi     x1 is  deep in extent in      (ka/ni/jei        abstraction)
-    x2 (ka)  at locus x3 away from      (estimate/evaluate)
-    observation   point    x4   by  panra     x1 is  parallel to x2 in
-    standard x5                         property/pattern x3  by  stan-
-cpare     x1     climbs/clambers/-      dard/geometry x4
-    crawls/creeps on surface x2 in  pikta     x1 is a ticket entitling
-    direction x3  using x4 (tools,      x2 to privilege/entitlement x3
-    limbs)                              (nu) under conditions x4
-danfu     x1   is   the   answer/-  platu     x1   plans/designs/plots
-    response to question x2             plan/plot/arrangement  x2  for
-dargu     x1 is  a road with route      state/process x3
-    x2                              porsi     x1     (sequence)     is
-fancu     x1 is a function/single-      sequenced/ordered by  compari-
-    value mapping  from domain  x2      son/rules    x2     on     set
-    to range  x3 defined  by rules      (unordered) x3
-    x4                              prami     (paralleling       xebni
-fasnu     x1  is   an  event  that      below)
-    happens/occurs                  prina     x1 (agent)  prints x2 on
-flalu     x1 is  a law  specifying      x3 using tool x4
-    x2  (nu)   for  community   x3  purci     (paralleling       balvi
-    (mass) under  conditions x4 by      above)
-    law-giver x5                    ritli     x1 is  a rite/ceremony/-
-funca     x1 (nu) is determined by      ritual/is  formal(legal)   for
-    the luck/fortune of/for x2          purpose x2  under  custom  x3,
-gasnu     x1 is agent in event x2;      under rules/form x4
-    x1 'does' x2                    selci     x1  is   a   cell/atom/-
-gradu     x1  (magnitude)   is   a      molecule/unit of  x2; x1 is an
-    unit/degree   of/on    scale/-      indivisible basic  subunit  of
-    reference standard  x2 (idea/-      x2 (cf. English 'atom')
-    si'o) measuring x3 (ka)         simlu     x1   appears   to   have
-gunma     x1  is   a  mass/team/is      property  x2   to   x3   under
-    together,  of   components  x2      conditions x4
-    considered jointly              sirji     x1 is  straight/direct/-
-jbini     x1 is  between/among set      line segment/interval  between
-    of boundaries x2 in x3 (ka)         x2 and x3
-jdika     x1 is  decreased/reduced  sisti     x1   (agent)    ceases/-
-    in x2  (ka) by  amount x3  (no      stops/halts   doing/being   x2
-    change but cf. zenba)               (cf. cfari WHICH IS DIFFERENT)
-kancu     x1 counts  the number in  skiji     x1 is a ski/skid/skate/-
-    set x2 to be x3 (ni/number) in      runner for  surface  x2  (for)
-    units x4                            supporting skier/skater/sled/-
-karli     x1    is     a    collar      cargo x3
-    surrounding x2 of material x3   suksa     x1 (nu) is sudden/abrupt
-krefu     x1  is   a  recurrence/-      at  stage/achievement   x2  in
-    repetition of  x2 (nu) for the      process x3;  x1 (ka)  suddenly
-    x3th  (ni/number)   time;   x1      changes  at   point  x2   over
-    happens again                       interval x3
-kusru     x1 (person)  is  cruel/-  talsa     x1  (person)  challenges
-    mean to x2                          x2 in x3 (ka)
-lacpu     x1  pulls/tugs/drags  x2  trene     x1    is     a     train
-    by handle at locus x3               (segmented-vehicle) of  cars/-
-lafti     x1 lifts/applies lift to      units    (mass/sequence)    in
-    x2 at locus x3                      system/railroad/of owners x3
-lidne     x1 leads/precedes  x2 in  trina     x1   attracts/lures   x2
-    sequence x3                         (person/action) with x3 (ka)
+The Lanham Act specifically provides that "[i]n all inter partes proceedings equitable principles of laches, estoppel, and acquiescence, where applicable may be considered and applied" [*]. While the Board must consider such defenses, we determine that it properly exercised its discretion in not allowing the defenses to prevail here. As the Board stated, these defenses cannot override the controlling fact that Loglan is the generic name for a language and that it cannot therefore be a trademark for dictionaries. The Board did not err in declining to apply the defenses, as the public interest in a cancellation proceeding to rid the register of a generic mark transcends them. The Board may have erred in stating that it lacked jurisdiction over the defenses, but that error was harmless under the circumstances.
-venfu     x1   (person(s))   takes    John Cowan  writes the following
-    revenge on/retaliates  against  as  further   explanation  of  the
-    x2 (person(s))  for  wrong  x3  set/mass/sequence/individuals
-    (nu) with vengeance x4 (nu)     changes:
-vorme     x1   is    a   door/gate
-    between  x2   and  x3  of/in/-    One of  the aims  of  the  place
-    through structure x4            structure review  was  to  examine
-xamsi     x1  is   an  ocean/sea/-  all the place structures that were
-    gulf/atmosphere of  planet  x2  labeled  "(plural/set)"   to   see
-    of fluid x3                     whether an  actual set was wanted,
-xanri     x1 (si'o)  exists in the  or merely one or more individuals.
-    imagination   of/is   imagined  In  addition,   sometimes  a  mass
-    by/is imaginary/unreal to x2    seemed to be the right thing.  The
-xebni     x1  hates  x2  (object/-  new place  structures which Lojbab
-    abstract)                       is typing  up will  contain a good
-xendo     (paralleling       kusru  deal of clarification.
-    above)                            Essentially,  a   true  set   is
-xlura     x1 (agent) influences x2  required if  the relationship does
-    into action/event/state  x3 by  not hold  of each  member but only
-    influence/threat/lure x4  (cf.  of the  totality.    For  example,
-    trina)                          "kampu", "cnano",  and "fadni" are
-xrani     x1 (nu)  injures/harms/-  all relationships  between  a  set
-    damages victim  x2 in property  and  one  of  its  members  (or  a
-    x3  resulting   in  injury  x4  property  thereof).     If   I  am
-    (za'i/ka)                       typical of  ("cnano") the  set  of
-zarci     x1 is  a  market/store/-  persons, that  doesn't  mean  that
-    exchange/marketplace   selling  the  relation  "typical-of"  holds
-    x2   operated    by    x3/with  between me  and  every  individual
-    participants x3 (mass agent)    person --  indeed, the idea of one
-zenba     x1    is     increased/-  person being  typical  of  another
-    augmented  in  x2  (ka/ni)  by  makes no sense.
-    amount  x3   (parallels   with    On the  other hand,  we  decided
-    jdika)                          that "casnu"  should have  a mass,
-zukte     x1   is    an   'entity'  rather than either a set or plural
-    employing means x2 for/towards  individuals,  in   its  x1  place.
-    end/purpose/goal x3             People may "casnu", or participate
-                                    in a  discussion, even  though not
-                                    all of them say anything.
-                                      In  many  cases,  "(plural/set)"
-                                    came up where "between" or "among"
-                                    was involved.   Most  of these  we
-                                    tried  to   reword  to  avoid  the
-                                    problem, which often resulted from
-                                    excess generality.   Thus  a  wall
-                                    now separates  exactly two things,
-                                    and a  door connects  exactly two.
-                                    (A  wall   may  separate  multiple
-                                    pairs of  things -  my house  from
-                                    yours,  my  property  from  yours,
-                                    Country 1  from Country 2 - all at
-                                    once,  but   the  relationship  is
-                                    still pairwise.)
-                                      In addition, the phrase "ordered
-                                    set"  was  changed  throughout  to
-                                    "sequence",    and    the    place
-                                    structure  of   "porsi"   is   now
-                                    something like  "x1 is  a sequence
-                                    of the  members of  set x2 ordered
-                                    by rules  x3".   Sequences do  not
-                                    have the  same level of support in
+We, of course, do not rule on whether the Institute may have an action against the Language Group on any matters of unfair competition. The record here simply show that the term Loglan has never been a trademark, but rather entered the public domain as a generic name from the time of its inception.
-Lojban as individuals, masses, and    Mini-Lesson -  Athelstan set the
-sets; however,  we have  long  had  material  of   his  "Lojban  Mini-
-the non-logical  connective "ce'o"  Lesson",       an        hour-long
-which  constructs   them  item  by  presentation, down  in  text  last
-item.     In  addition,  we  added  summer   and   fall   before   his
-"vu'i",  a  converter  of  selma'o  accident.   We  distributed  draft
-LUhI, transforming  a set  into  a  copies electronically  (the  draft
-sequence, as  well as  individuals  is available  on  the  PLS  -  see
-into a sequence-in-extension.       above), and  some two dozen people
-  It now  seems that  "fa'u",  the  from 6  different  countries  have
-non-logical     connective     for  tried it  and sent comments.  Alas
-"respectively", may  be  taken  to  the  revision   effort  was   only
-generate a  sequence-in-extension,  partially done  when the  accident
-thus:                               occurred,  so   the   mini-lesson,
-                                    planned for  this issue and at one
-mi fa'u  do se cmene zo djan. fa'u  time  an  excuse  for  its  delay,
-zo lojbab.                          isn't yet ready.
-(I  respectively-with   you)  are-    People have in general found the
-benamed ("John"  respectively-with  mini-lesson  to  be  a  very  good
-"Lojbab").                          introduction to  the language,  as
-                                    they   found    Athelstan's   oral
-  Using  ".e"  logical  connection  presentation   similarly   useful.
-will not  do, as  that would claim  Alas, on  paper it  takes  a  good
-that each  of  us  is  named  both  deal more  than an  hour  to  work
-"John" and "Lojbab".                through.   People  have  generally
-                                    said  that   there  are  too  many
-        Status of Products          exercises and too few examples.  A
-                                    few of  the examples  and explana-
-  We have a lot of products in the  tions are  perhaps too oriented to
-works, and  a few of them are done  English-native  speakers,  but  we
-or nearly  done.    More  signifi-  haven't  figured  a  good  way  to
-cantly   perhaps,    several   new  correct that.
-products have been identified, and    Given the accident, it is likely
-are in  progress and in some cases  that I  (Bob) will  have to finish
-near completion.   The  variety of  the revision, and it will thus not
-Lojban   products   continues   to  be ready  until JL17 or even JL18.
-multiply as  new  people  get  in-  The revised  mini-lesson will also
-volved in its development.          form  part   of  the  introductory
-  One is  of course the Diagrammed  package.
-Summary   of    Lojban    Grammar,
-included  as  an  insert  in  this    LogFlash -  We have released the
-issue.   This will  form the major  new version  of LogFlash described
-language  explanatory  text  about  in the  last several issues.  Both
-the language  for our introductory  LogFlash 1  (gismu) and LogFlash 3
-package.   The  Overview  will  be  (cmavo)  are   being  successfully
-recast to  talk mostly  about  the  used by several people.
-ideas of  the language and not the    For  those  who  want  to  learn
-grammar, and  a glossary  will  be  rafsi, the older combined LogFlash
-added.   Eventually, this  package  1/2 will  continue to be available
-will be  assembled into one of our  (LogFlash 2 teaches rafsi) until a
-several book  publications.    Now  new version  is created  -  a  new
-for the other products:             version of LogFlash 2 will be more
-                                    difficult  to   develop  than  the
-                                    other programs because the type of
-                                    testing used  in lessons  is  more
-                                    diverse.  The lujvo-making program
-                                    will also be incorporated into the
-                                    next revision  of LogFlash 2.  The
-                                    priority of  this revision depends
-                                    primarily  on   people  being  in-
+=== CONCLUSION ===
-terested in  obtaining it - if you  only, but  since the  lists  being
-are  ready  to  start  using  this  distributed are unofficial, people
-program, or  expect that  you will  receiving them  need to  be  fore-
-be within  6 months,  let us  know  warned.     Again,  we  will  make
-and Nora will put more effort into  updated files  available to  those
-this upgrade.   The  files for the  who purchase  copies now, probably
-old version are not being updated,  at the  time  the  first  book  is
-hence  several  newly-added  rafsi  released.
-assignments  and   the  couple  of    The  instability   of  the  word
-changes that  have been  made  are  files affects  LogFlash  3  a  bit
-not reflected in this old version.  more significantly  because we are
-This has  not proven  to be a sig-  more  freely  changing  words  and
-nificant limitation.                keywords,  as  well  as  making  a
-  There are  two  'problems'  with  small  number   of  additions  and
-the current  release,  neither  of  deletions to  the cmavo list.  The
-which prevents effective use.  The  changes being  made are  typically
-first is that we've had no time to  minor, however, enough that we can
-rewrite  the  user  documentation.  finally feel comfortable in recom-
-There  are   now   an   enormously  mending that people use LogFlash 3
-increased    number    of    user-  without too much fear of having to
-selectable features  in  LogFlash,  do a  lot  of  relearning  due  to
-and  documentation  is  needed  to  changes.
-intelligently choose  among  them.
-You can  experiment or  ask - most    MacLojFlash -  Both versions  of
-of these  functions  are  self-ex-  LogFlash for  the Apple  MacIntosh
-planatory as to how they work, and  are being updated for the new data
-playing around  is not damaging to  files.   Each version  already had
-your    learning     effectiveness  some of  the features  now  incor-
-(though it  can be  time consuming  porated into  the original  MS-DOS
-given  the   number  of  options).  version, and will probably add new
-However, explaining  when and  why  ones   to   keep   the   different
-each option is intended to be used  versions  roughly   comparable  in
-takes a  bit of  work.    Luckily,  capabilities.   The Hypercard  Mac
-Nora   has    made   the   program  version by  Dave Cortesi  is being
-effectively self-channelled  - the  upgraded to  Hypercard II; Richard
-default option at each menu choice  Kennaway's  original  MAC  version
-progresses  you   through   fairly  doesn't use Hypercard, is somewhat
-optimal  usage.     I'd   like  to  faster, but  does not  have  voice
-promise  the  documentation  soon,  synthesis  of   the   words,   and
-but I'll  have to  admit  that  it  supports both  the gismu and cmavo
-keeps getting shoved off for other  lists in  one program.   Richard's
-priorities.     When  more  people  program   is    basically   ready,
-start buying  the program, we will  awaiting  only   reasonably  final
-of course  put  high  priority  on  word files.   (Our difficulties in
-completing       the       support  supporting the  Mac continue,  and
-documentation,  and   it  will  be  we   aren't   going   to   release
-available free-of-charge  to those  incremental in-progress  Mac  ver-
-of you who have done without until  sions of  the word-lists as we are
-then.                               doing with  the original program.)
-  The  other   'problem'  is  that  The Mac  programs are liable to be
-because  of   the  above-mentioned  cheaper than  the MS-DOS versions,
-revision  of   the   gismu   list,  partly  because   of   the   lower
-especially     affecting     place  quality of  support that  we  have
-structures,  the  version  of  the  been able to provide.
-list we  are  giving  out  at  any
-particular  time   is  subject  to    Serious  Volunteers  Sought  for
-changes.     These  changes  don't  LogFlash  Research   -   The   new
-generally  affect   the   learning  version   of    LogFlash   (MS-DOS
-process since place structures are  version only)  is instrumented for
-provided for  information purposes  research  into   how  well  people
+The decision of the Board is therefore
-learn Lojban  words.  This finally    Other  teaching  products  -  We
-allows  testing   of   the   'word  have  contacted   two  firms  that
-recognition scores'  that were the  commercially   produce    language
-basis of Loglan/Lojban word-making  learning  materials   and   gotten
-ever since  the project started in  interest in  assisting the  Lojban
-the 1950s,  as  well  as  formally  project from  each of  them.   One
-verifying the effectiveness of the  produces software that teaches you
-LogFlash technique.                 words and structures as you read a
-  We are looking for volunteers to  story or  stories in Lojban (not a
-use  LogFlash   in  learning   the  simplified text  - you would learn
-Lojban vocabulary.   At this point  to read  most any  Lojban text you
-we have  no constraint  on who can  come  across).    The  other,  In-
-volunteer,  as  long  as  you  can  ternational Learning  Corporation,
-state more  or less  honestly that  produces  a  series  of  materials
-you don't  yet know  much  of  the  called  "The   Learnables   (tm)",
-Lojban gismu  vocabulary.    Later  which are  books of  cartoons  and
-on,  we   will  have  to  add  re-  pictures associated with extensive
-strictions  to   ensure  that  our  tapes.   These materials  are used
-statistics are  valid, but for now  effectively in college classes.
-we are looking for patterns in the    Both    products    have    been
-learning of individuals.            recommended to us by more than one
-  We  have  no  funding  for  this  Lojbanist.     Both  organizations
-experiment -  we can't  pay anyone  have indicated  that they would be
-to participate.    You  will  even  willing to  license us  to develop
-have to  buy the  copy of LogFlash  Lojban versions  of their products
-that you  use to  learn the words,  at no  cost to  us other  than the
-because we  need the money to stay  effort    of     developing    the
-in business  right now.   What  we  materials.   The resulting materi-
-can promise  is that  someone  who  als should  be extremely effective
-volunteers  AND  STICKS  WITH  THE  in teaching  Lojban and  offer the
-EXPERIMENT  ENOUGH   TO  GIVE   US  confidence  of  having  been  used
-USEFUL RESULTS  will  be  credited  effectively with  other languages.
-afterwards  for   the   price   of  The down-side  of these  materials
-LogFlash  and   any  other  Lojban  is that they will probably be more
-teaching  materials   you  buy  to  expensive than  our self-developed
-study while  participating in  the  materials (for existing languages,
-experiment.     We'll  also   give  the software  package costs around
-priority (subject  to our  limited  $100  plus   a  small  amount  per
-funds)  for  volunteers  who  need  story, while  The Learnables costs
-financial  assistance   to  obtain  around $45 for a book and 6 tapes,
-Lojban materials.                   with 4  beginning and  4  advanced
-  This isn't  a lot to offer for a  books covering  the  typical  lan-
-commitment of 3-7 hours a week for  guage -  we can't  promise  to  be
--8 months (probably 100-150 hours  able to  sell Lojban materials for
-total,  about   the  same  as  the  any less  than  the  prices  these
-homework  time   for   a   typical  organizations  charge   for  other
-college class), but the work isn't  languages).
-hard, and  you will  be  doing  it    These      are       significant
-anyway  if  you  are  planning  on  opportunities to  get awareness of
-learning the language.  We need is  Lojban  out   to  a   much  larger
-people who  will use LogFlash more  audience, but  we  cannot  justify
-or less  daily for  at  least  1/2  the time  to produce the materials
-hour a  day (preferably  an hour -  unless there  is some  significant
-learning may go 3 times as fast or  interest  in   the  community   in
-better, at this more intense study  buying  and  using  the  resulting
-rate; you  learn quicker,  and the  products.  So we need to hear from
-experiment  is  shorter  and  more  you if you think you would buy the
-likely to show expected results.)   materials.
+AFFIRMED
-  Interlinear Glosser (and Parser)  applications for  which Lojban  is
-- This new project of Nora's stems  especially suitable  is a  Lojban-
-from four unrelated problems.       to-English translator.   Nora  has
-  Because of the massive volume of  long been  interested in producing
-Lojban text  now  being  produced,  a   simple    form   of   such   a
-Nora and  I can no longer read and  translator, both  for study of the
-check it  all - our own command of  problems of  machine  translation,
-the  language   is  not   thorough  and as an effective teaching tool.
-enough for  us  to  quickly  check  She first did a rudimentary trans-
-words and  place structures,  much  lator, handling  a subset  of  the
-less  to   comment   the   results  grammar    of     single    Loglan
-thoroughly.                         sentences, on  a tiny  TRS-80 home
-  People writing  Lojban text tend  computer back  in 1981.   Updating
-to make  word choice  errors (e.g.  this program  to use  with  Lojban
-lujvo-making               errors,  has been  difficult,  because  the
-misspellings), and find it hard to  varieties of  sentences  that  are
-catch    these    errors    before  typical for  Lojban are  much more
-'inflicting' them  on others.    A  numerous than  for earlier  Loglan
-simple    computerized    spelling  versions.
-checker cannot  fully  solve  this    A few  months ago, we discovered
-(even   if   you   can   build   a  a   free-ware    program    called
-dictionary  file  easily)  because  "Shoebox"  (Summer   Institute  of
-nearly  all   possible  cmavo  and  Linguistics)     that     produces
-lujvo  word-forms   are  plausibly  interlinear   glosses   from   one
-valid words.                        language  to   another,  using   a
-  In addition,  people  using  the  simple word  look-up technique and
-Lojban parser  to check their work  a specially  designed  word  data-
-have found  the outputs to be hard  base.   Mark Shoulson  and  others
-to use  in an odd way.  When there  have  set   up  this   program  to
-is an  error, the parser tells you  produce quite  pretty glosses  for
-(approximately)  where  the  error  Lojban text,  but the  translation
-occurred, and  you know  where  to  is rather  difficult to read, even
-look.   If it finds no errors, the  when you know Lojban grammar - the
-rather lengthy fully-parenthesized  words that are substituted are the
-output      contains      complete  keywords of  our word-lists, which
-grammatical structure information.  are not intended necessarily to be
-Unfortunately, a lot of simple er-  good  translations;  there  is  no
-rors,    including    misspellings  provision  for   lujvo  compounds,
-(noted  above)  and  omitted  ter-  even   though   they   are   quite
-minators can lead to grammatically  regular;  several  cmavo  have  no
-perfect text  that means something  valid English  gloss because  they
-quite  different   from  what  you  serve  purely  grammatical  roles;
-intended.     Reading  the  parser  and  finally,  Lojban's  predicate
-output   to   find   such   errors  grammar means  that  you  need  to
-requires great  care, as well as a  analyze the  grammatical situation
-certain sense of what types of er-  to know  whether to  interpret the
-rors to  look for.  It isn't being  English  equivalent  of  a  Lojban
-done too  well,  and  people  have  word  as   a  noun,  a  verb,  and
-found errors  in text  that seemed  adjective, or  an adverb - Shoebox
-perfectly  valid,   even  to   the  is not  sufficiently  tailored  to
-parser,   when   read   carefully.  Loglan/Lojban's             unique
-(Though this  might seem  to be  a  regularities to  take advantage of
-threat to  Lojban's viability as a  them to produce a readable output.
-understandable     and     logical    Inspired by  this, Nora  started
-language, the types of errors that  designing     a      grammar-smart
-are occurring  seem to  be of  the  interlinear glosser.   Carl  Burke
-types   that    fluent    speakers  has aided  with some  good  design
-wouldn't often make.)               ideas, and  the  project  is  well
-  Finally,  one   of  the  easiest  underway.    Indeed,  the  program
-first steps  towards the  computer  already  produces  better  glosses
+----
-than   the    comparable   Shoebox    The Cowan Papers, or "The Lojban
-versions, even without many 'gram-  Textbook Effort  Grows Up" - 3 1/2
-mar smarts', because it recognizes  years ago (October 1988) I started
-Lojban  word  types,  disassembles  to write  a technical  description
-lujvo,  recognizes  numbers  as  a  and  reference  for  Lojban.    40
-unit,  and  other  simple  Lojban-  pages and  the  first  descriptive
-specific functions.   It processes  cmavo   list    were    completed.
-outputs from  John Cowan's  Lojban  Reviewers at  that point basically
-parser,  separating  a  long  text  told me  that  the  text  was  not
-into separate  sentences and other  working - most people did not know
-logical chunks for easier reading,  the language  well enough to use a
-and   optionally    retaining   or  reference  that   presumed   basic
-deleting the  structure bracketing  knowledge of  the  grammar.    The
-and inserted elidable marker words  format was very poor as a teaching
-that the  parser provides  in  its  text.     The   result   was   the
-output.   We also have developed a  recommendation  that   I  write  a
-'dictionary' suited  for this pro-  Lojban textbook.
-gram.                                 From January  through June 1989,
-  If there  is demand, we can make  I wrote  6+ draft chapters of such
-the   program   available   fairly  a  textbook   while  teaching  the
-shortly in its in-development form  first Lojban  class.    About  150
-bundled with  the parser (which it  people have  gotten those  lessons
-requires).   We'll set a tentative  now, and  a  couple  of  dozen  of
-price of  $50 for the combination,  these have  studied  the  language
-partly  because   the  program  is  well  enough   to   write   fairly
-incomplete; the  final program may  effectively   in   the   language.
-be more  expensive.   John Cowan's  These   draft    lessons    remain
-parser by  itself is available for  available and  are the  most  tho-
-$25 (and may be available for some  rough teaching  materials we  have
-UNIX machines  as well as MS-DOS).  for those trying to learn the lan-
-People who  are writing  a LOT  of  guage.
-Lojban text,  and sending it to us    Alas, the  draft lessons, though
-or posting  it onto  Lojban  List,  they've   'aged    well',   remain
-can  probably   convince   us   to  incomplete.    I  stopped  writing
-provide a  test version  of either  when we  realized that  the  basic
-or both  for free  (especially  if  structure of  the course  was  not
-you cannot afford to pay for it) -  working in the way we intended and
-we'd rather  have you  be checking  it was  getting harder  and harder
-your text  before we get it rather  to  write   lessons   that   built
-than be  doing it  ourselves.  The  constructively on  what  had  gone
-user documentation  and support on  before.   The  completed  textbook
-these  programs   will  be   quite  would be over 1000 pages, and sim-
-limited  until   the  glosser   is  ply wasn't  good enough to justify
-completed.                          that much effort.
-  We  are  making  these  programs    I started  a new  draft in 1990,
-available primarily  because  some  but  it   got  only  to  page  50.
-people are  already  finding  them  Throughout  1990   and  1991,   as
-useful,  not  because  we  believe  others learned  the language,  the
-they are optimal products yet - if  advances  in   teaching  technique
-you are  working  often  with  the  outstripped  my  writing  ability.
-language, the  program limitations  Indeed, under  the able leadership
-will   not   much   hinder   their  of Nick  Nicholas, the  last  year
-usefulness.    Also,  frankly,  we  has  shown   a  truly  outstanding
-need people to contribute more for  increase in  the sophistication of
-our  support,   and   having   new  our    knowledge     of     Lojban
-products   to   sell   gives   you  expression,  its  style,  and  its
-something for  your money  besides  semantics.   But  that  evolution,
-the good  feeling of  contributing  and  the  dozens  of  little  tiny
-to keeping this project alive.      changes  in  the  corners  of  the
-                                    language were  stresses that  hurt
+== le lojbo se ciska (cont.) ==
-my confidence  that I was teaching    This lack  of examples was a big
-the language  appropriately to the  hang-up in  textbook  writing,  as
-ways it  is  coming  to  be  used.  well.  I spent endless time trying
-I've  also  spent  too  much  time  to concoct  meaningful examples of
-dealing  with   our  unending  fi-  sentences  that   exemplified  the
-nancial   problems    and   simply  points I was trying to make, which
-coordinating the  rapid  expansion  were limited  in  vocabulary,  but
-of our organization.                still interesting.  This is NOT my
-  The reference  materials of  the  strong skill.  Still, the 50 pages
-language continued  to  evolve  as  of  the  new  draft  textbook  has
-well, and,  although the  language  dozens of  examples and  even more
-itself  is   quite   stable,   our  exercises.
-published  descriptions   of   the    When  John  Cowan  first  became
-language   have    edged   towards  involved in  Lojban, 2  years ago,
-obsolescence.     The  gismu  list  his first  promised goal  was  the
-place structures  were  too  short  rather ambitious one of writing an
-and   vague,    but   the    words  example sentence  for every gismu.
-themselves were  quite stable,  as  He then  decided instead  to write
-were the rafsi affixes.  The cmavo  one  sentence   for  every  cmavo,
-list was  nearly  as  stable,  but  covering    every    variety    of
-incessant little  changes  in  the  grammatical usage.
-grammar   coupled    with    major    A  nice   ideal,  but   far  too
-advances of  our knowledge  of how  ambitious,  as   John  found  out.
-to communicate in Lojban have made  Some  cmavo  are  permitted  in  a
-a simple list of cmavo inadequate.  variety  of   usages  but   aren't
-The YACC-based  formal grammar has  pragmatically useful  in  most  of
-similarly been quite stable; there  them -  at least not in a way that
-were little  changes and we had to  we  English  speakers  can  easily
-update the  baseline a year later,  recognize.   For example, it seems
-and a new baseline will take place  rather  odd   to  contemplate  the
-when  the  first  book  comes  out  mathematical number  "pi"  treated
-(though  the   number  of  grammar  like all other numbers and used as
-change  proposals  in  the  second  a digit,  or to  enumerate objects
-baseline year  have been less than  or  events:  "pi  events  of  Mary
-half of those in the first year).   going to  the store" is irrational
-  Since  every   example  in   the  in more  than  one  sense  of  the
-textbook  must   be  accurate  and  word.
-consistent  with   the   reference    John's continuing  work with the
-lists, the  more examples I've put  grammar has  made  him  even  more
-into the  text,  the  shakier  the  expert in  its details  than I am.
-result   has   become.      Simply  He has performed the modifications
-checking  every   example  in  the  to the  YACC grammar  for all  the
-existing 6 chapters requires hours  little changes  of  the  last  two
-of work  - the  new  textbook  has  years.      In   developing   that
-several times as many examples for  expertise,    he    learned    how
-each key grammar point.             thoroughly   the    language    is
-  In addition, the YACC grammar is  defined, while  how little of that
-not too  well understood  by those  design is  yet set  down on paper.
-who aren't  used to  that type  of  He set  to remedy  this problem in
-grammar definition.   There  are a  the context  of his previous goal,
-lot of trees, with no sense of the  choosing  to   write  a   "selma'o
-forest.   The shorter EBNF form of  catalog" that  would list  all the
-the grammar  is  better  for  some  grammatical components of the lan-
-people, but it is still formalized  guage,  giving   explanations  and
-and  difficult   for  non-computer  examples of  the use  of  each  of
-people.   An especial  lack  is  a  them.   Maybe he wouldn't find one
-series of examples showing all the  example for  every word  in  every
-various structures of the grammar,  grammatical context,  but at least
-and  discussing   why  they   were  there would  be an example of each
-present.                            such  grammatical  form,  and  the
+Back when I was writing the draft textbook lessons, Nora was busily inventing examples for me. I never finished writing draft Lesson 7, but Nora had plenty of examples. Here are those examples, without the textual explanation that was never finished. As with most of Nora's examples, they stand quite well on their own, anyway. The primary topics are abstraction, logical connection, and the mathematical selbri words.
-result would show how the rules of  understand the  'B'  words,  while
-the grammar  interacted in  actual  'C' requires knowledge of both 'A'
-usage (as  opposed to  the  arcane  and 'B', etc.
-formulae of the YACC grammar).        Finally, although  John  created
-  John spent several months on the  over a  hundred example  sentences
-selma'o  catalog,  and  created  a  for the  selma'o catalog,  this is
-very  nice  document  that  a  few  not nearly enough to exemplify the
-people have  used  effectively  to  entire Lojban grammar.
-learn    about     the    language    The selma'o  catalog will appear
-structures.     The  document  has  in print,  probably in  the  first
-remained  a   draft,  though,  for  book to  be published (see below).
-several   reasons.      Basically,  However, it needs to be integrated
-though,  John  realized  that  his  with other materials in that book,
-goal remained  far beyond  what he  which will take a bit of work.  It
-was capable of writing.  I'm going  unfortunately  cannot   serve  the
-to  exaggerate  the  negatives  to  purpose John  originally  set  out
-make the  reasons  clear  -  as  I  for it  - to exemplify the variety
-said, the  document  proved  quite  of cmavo  and their  usages in the
-useful  and  informative  for  the  grammar.
-limited audience  of reviewers who    To accomplish  the latter,  John
-already  knew   a  bit  about  the  has undertaken  and made excellent
-language.   Everyone who  read it,  progress on  a new  approach.   He
-including me,  learned a  lot from  has divided  the grammar of Lojban
-John's explanations.                into some  15 topics.   There will
-  The draft  selma'o catalog  is a  be a paper on each topic, covering
-couple of hundred paragraphs, with  the cmavo  used in  the portion of
-a   couple   of   hundred   cross-  the grammar  that  addresses  that
-references; but  the latter is not  topic.   A  half  dozen  of  these
-nearly enough.   It turns out that  papers   are    done   or   nearly
-so  many  of  the  structures  are  complete.
-redundant to each other that it is    The  topics   are  not  an  even
-difficult    to     write    about  division of  the  grammar  -  some
-individual word categories without  topics can  be covered in very few
-referring   to    what   is   said  pages, while  others need a lot of
-elsewhere,  or  without  repeating  explanation and  examples.  On the
-the same  thing many  times  over.  average,  the   topics  are  being
-John also  had to  make use  of so  covered to  at least  the level of
-many technical jargon terms that a  detail as the "On Lojban Negation"
-explanatory glossary  was going to  paper,  which   was  published   a
-be needed  that was fully as large  couple of years ago with JL and is
-as the  catalog text, in order for  now distributed  with "Package  3"
-the catalog  to be understood by a  for  active   language   students.
-beginner.   Finally, because  John  (John's  writing   in  these   new
-wrote the  catalog from  start  to  papers seems to me to be much more
-end, it  reads fairly  well  as  a  readable  then   my  own   in  the
-textual   explanation    of    the  negation paper.)   Each  paper has
-selma'o.                            dozens of  examples;  in  some  of
-  However, as  a catalog reference  them, over  a hundred examples may
-work not  intended to be read from  be found.
-start  to   finish,  the  document    The most important of the papers
-failed.   Individual  entries  are  completed thus  far is  the  tense
-hard to understand - even with all  paper included  with  this  issue.
-the cross-references,  too much of  One   of   the   most   thoroughly
-the text  presumes that the reader  analyzed and  designed aspects  of
-has read and understood what comes  Lojban,  as   distinguished   from
-'before it'  in the  catalog.  The  earlier versions  of  Loglan,  the
-result  is   like   a   dictionary  tense system  benefits  from  pc's
-wherein   you    must   know   and  expertise in  tense logic  and its
-understand almost  every  word  in  expression in the languages of the
-the 'A'  section before  trying to  world.
+=== Examples of bridi logical connection ===
-  I've said  that the Lojban tense  suppose over  a period  of time, X
-system is overdesigned - it allows  continues this cruel behavior, the
-the  entire   variety  of   tense-  dog's condition  deteriorates, and
-related expressions used by any of  it dies.  In English, we might say
-the  world's   languages,  without  that "X  kept on:  kept on hitting
-particularly  favoring   any   one  the dog  too long, too long."  But
-approach.   But each  natural lan-  without      the       long-winded
-guage   has   evolved   a   highly  explanation,  you   would   almost
-specialized  and  often  idiomatic  certainly consider  that  sentence
-approach to expressing tense.  The  both ungrammatical  and  nonsense,
-English speaker  tackling  Russian  when it is neither.  (And there is
-or Greek  or Irish,  all  Indo-Eu-  no way  to clearly  punctuate  the
-ropean   languages,   must   learn  sentence, either,  as I just found
-elaborate tense  systems involving  out.)     Lojban  expresses   this
-perfective   tenses    that   work  situation easily.
-entirely unlike  those of English.    Now  think   of  one   of  those
-Making the matter even worse, most  cartoons where  the main character
-English speakers  are ill-educated  drives  a   motorboat  across  the
-as to  the complexity of the tense  lake, then  continues up  on shore
-structures of  their own language,  and  across   the  land.      This
-and  the   subtleties  of   nuance  situation is  expressed in  Lojban
-implicit in  various forms  of ex-  using a  tense  quite  similar  to
-pression.   As a  result, a  major  that of  the last  example:    the
-failing people  have  in  learning  character  kept   on  driving  the
-foreign languages is that they are  motorboat too far 'on' the lake.
-unable to  grasp the  new ways  of    There are  all manner  of  other
-relating time  and space  embodied  tense  structures   permitted   in
-in the foreign language, and speak  Lojban,  some  of  which  have  no