Hanzi orthography: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
{|class=wikitable | {|class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Lojban | ||
!'''Character''' | !'''Character''' | ||
!'''Pronunciations and explanations''' | !'''Pronunciations and explanations''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 的 | | | 的 | ||
| [de] <grammatical particle marking genitive as well as simple and composed adjectives>; 我的 wǒde my; 高的 gāode high, tall; 是的 shìde that's it, that's right; 是...的 shì...de one who...; 他是说汉语的. Tā shì shuō Hànyǔde. He is one who speaks Chinese.<br />[dì] 目的 mùdì goal<br />[dí] true, real; 的确 díquè certainly | | [de] <grammatical particle marking genitive as well as simple and composed adjectives>; 我的 wǒde my; 高的 gāode high, tall; 是的 shìde that's it, that's right; 是...的 shì...de one who...; 他是说汉语的. Tā shì shuō Hànyǔde. He is one who speaks Chinese.<br />[dì] 目的 mùdì goal<br />[dí] true, real; 的确 díquè certainly | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||pa | ||
| | 一(A壹) | | | 一(A壹) | ||
| [yī] one, a little; 第一 dì-yī first, primary; 看一看 kànyīkàn have a (quick) look at<br />[yí] (used before tone #4); 一个人 yí gè rén one person; 一定 yídìng certain; 一样 yíyàng same; 一月yíyuè January<br />[yì] (used before tones #2 and #3); 一点儿 yìdiǎnr a little; 一些 yìxiē some<br />{Compare with 幺(F么) yāo, which also means "one"} | | [yī] one, a little; 第一 dì-yī first, primary; 看一看 kànyīkàn have a (quick) look at<br />[yí] (used before tone #4); 一个人 yí gè rén one person; 一定 yídìng certain; 一样 yíyàng same; 一月yíyuè January<br />[yì] (used before tones #2 and #3); 一点儿 yìdiǎnr a little; 一些 yìxiē some<br />{Compare with 幺(F么) yāo, which also means "one"} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 是 | | | 是 | ||
| [shì] to be, 是不是? shìbushì? is (it) or is (it) not?; 是否 shìfǒu whether or not, is (it) or is (it) not? | | [shì] to be, 是不是? shìbushì? is (it) or is (it) not?; 是否 shìfǒu whether or not, is (it) or is (it) not? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 不 | | | 不 | ||
| [bù] not<br />[bú] (used before tone #4); 不是 bú shì isn't | | [bù] not<br />[bú] (used before tone #4); 不是 bú shì isn't | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||co'i | ||
| | 了 | | | 了 | ||
| [le] <verb particle marking a new situation or a completed action>; 你来了! Nǐ láile! You have come! 我累了! Wǒ lèile! I've gotten tired! 那好了! Nà hǎole! That's OK (now)! 我只请了一位客人. Wǒ zhǐ qǐngle yí wèi kèren. I invited only one guest.<br />[liǎo] end, finish, settle, dispose of, know clearly, to be able, (=了解 liǎojiě) understand, comprehend; 了了 liǎoliaǒ clearly understand, settle (a debt/etc.), to be intelligent; 了了 liǎole to be over/ended/finnish/settled; 你卖不了! Nǐ mài bùliǎo! You will not be able to sell (it)! | | [le] <verb particle marking a new situation or a completed action>; 你来了! Nǐ láile! You have come! 我累了! Wǒ lèile! I've gotten tired! 那好了! Nà hǎole! That's OK (now)! 我只请了一位客人. Wǒ zhǐ qǐngle yí wèi kèren. I invited only one guest.<br />[liǎo] end, finish, settle, dispose of, know clearly, to be able, (=了解 liǎojiě) understand, comprehend; 了了 liǎoliaǒ clearly understand, settle (a debt/etc.), to be intelligent; 了了 liǎole to be over/ended/finnish/settled; 你卖不了! Nǐ mài bùliǎo! You will not be able to sell (it)! | ||
Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
{Compare with 子 zǐ child} | {Compare with 子 zǐ child} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||prenu | ||
| | 人 | | | 人 | ||
| [rén] person; 人类 rénlèi humankind; 有人吗? yǒu rén ma? Is there anybody here?<br />{Compare with 入 rù enter} | | [rén] person; 人类 rénlèi humankind; 有人吗? yǒu rén ma? Is there anybody here?<br />{Compare with 入 rù enter} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||mi | ||
| | 我 | | | 我 | ||
| [wǒ] I, me, my; 我们 wǒmen we, us<br />{Compare with 找 zhǎo seek} | | [wǒ] I, me, my; 我们 wǒmen we, us<br />{Compare with 找 zhǎo seek} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 在 | | | 在 | ||
| [zài] at; 现在 xiànzài now; 存在 cúnzài exist | | [zài] at; 现在 xiànzài now; 存在 cúnzài exist | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 有 | | | 有 | ||
| [yǒu] have, there is; 没有 méiyǒu haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?; 有的 yǒude some<br />[yòu] (=又 yòu) again, both... and... | | [yǒu] have, there is; 没有 méiyǒu haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?; 有的 yǒude some<br />[yòu] (=又 yòu) again, both... and... | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ||ra | ||
| | 他 | | | 他 | ||
| [tā] he, him, his, (she, her, it, its), (=其他 qítā) other<br />[tuō] (in classical texts) someone else, something else | | [tā] he, him, his, (she, her, it, its), (=其他 qítā) other<br />[tuō] (in classical texts) someone else, something else | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 这(F這) | | | 这(F這) | ||
| [zhè] this; 这儿 zhèr here<br />[zhèi] this (before classifier) | | [zhè] this; 这儿 zhèr here<br />[zhèi] this (before classifier) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 中 | | | 中 | ||
| [zhōng] middle, in; 中国 Zhōngguó China<br />[zhòng] hit (a target) | | [zhōng] middle, in; 中国 Zhōngguó China<br />[zhòng] hit (a target) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 大 | | | 大 | ||
| [dà] big; 多大? duōdà? how large?; 大小 dàxiǎo size; 大家 dàjiā everybody<br />[dài] 大夫 dàifu doctor<br />{Compare with 太 tài very and 木 mù tree} | | [dà] big; 多大? duōdà? how large?; 大小 dàxiǎo size; 大家 dàjiā everybody<br />[dài] 大夫 dàifu doctor<br />{Compare with 太 tài very and 木 mù tree} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 来(F來) | | | 来(F來) | ||
| [lái] come; 原来 yuánlái originally, as a matter of fact; 来年 láinián coming/next year(s)<br />[lai] (when used as a verb complement); 起来 qǐlai get up | | [lái] come; 原来 yuánlái originally, as a matter of fact; 来年 láinián coming/next year(s)<br />[lai] (when used as a verb complement); 起来 qǐlai get up | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 上 | | | 上 | ||
| [shàng] above, on, over, top, (go) up, last, previous<br />[shǎng] 上声 shǎngshēng 3rd tone in Mandarin<br />[shang] (when used as a verb complement)<br />{Compare with 下 xià under} | | [shàng] above, on, over, top, (go) up, last, previous<br />[shǎng] 上声 shǎngshēng 3rd tone in Mandarin<br />[shang] (when used as a verb complement)<br />{Compare with 下 xià under} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 国(F國) | | | 国(F國) | ||
| [guó] (=国家 guójiā) country, state, nation, <family name>; 中国 Zhōngguó China; 美国 Měiguó USA | | [guó] (=国家 guójiā) country, state, nation, <family name>; 中国 Zhōngguó China; 美国 Měiguó USA | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 个(F個,箇) | | | 个(F個,箇) | ||
| [gè] <general and non-specific classifier>; 个人 gèrén personal; 个人主页 gèrénzhùyè personal homepage<br />[gě] 自个 zìgě oneself | | [gè] <general and non-specific classifier>; 个人 gèrén personal; 个人主页 gèrénzhùyè personal homepage<br />[gě] 自个 zìgě oneself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 到 | | | 到 | ||
| [dào] to, towards, until, arrive, reach | | [dào] to, towards, until, arrive, reach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 说(F說) | | | 说(F說) | ||
| [shuō] explain, scold, refer to, (=说话 shuōhuà) speak, say; 游说 yóushuō persuade<br />[shuì] try to persuade; 游说 yóushuì lobbying | | [shuō] explain, scold, refer to, (=说话 shuōhuà) speak, say; 游说 yóushuō persuade<br />[shuì] try to persuade; 游说 yóushuì lobbying | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 们(F們) | | | 们(F們) | ||
| [men] <pluralizing suffix for pronouns and nouns referring to persons>; 我们 wǒmen we; 人们 rénmen people, persons | | [men] <pluralizing suffix for pronouns and nouns referring to persons>; 我们 wǒmen we; 人们 rénmen people, persons | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 为(F為) | | | 为(F為) | ||
| [wèi] for, for the sake of, in order to, in this connection<br />[wéi] do, act, act as, be, become; 认为 rènwéi think or believe that...; 以为 yǐwéi think or believe erroneously that...<br />{Compare with 办 bàn do} | | [wèi] for, for the sake of, in order to, in this connection<br />[wéi] do, act, act as, be, become; 认为 rènwéi think or believe that...; 以为 yǐwéi think or believe erroneously that...<br />{Compare with 办 bàn do} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 子 | | | 子 | ||
| [zǐ] child, son; 子女 zǐnǚ sons and daughters; 儿子 érzi son<br />[zi] (noun suffix); 桌子 zhuōzi table<br />{Compare with 了 le <particle>} | | [zǐ] child, son; 子女 zǐnǚ sons and daughters; 儿子 érzi son<br />[zi] (noun suffix); 桌子 zhuōzi table<br />{Compare with 了 le <particle>} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 和 | | | 和 | ||
| [hé] together, with, (F龢) harmony, gentle, mild, kind, <family name>; 和平 hépíng peace<br />[Hé] Japan<br />[huo] 暖和 nuǎnhuo nice and warm<br />[hè] join in singing, compose a poem in reply<br />[huó] mix with water<br />[huò] mix, blend<br />[hú] complete a set in Mahjong | | [hé] together, with, (F龢) harmony, gentle, mild, kind, <family name>; 和平 hépíng peace<br />[Hé] Japan<br />[huo] 暖和 nuǎnhuo nice and warm<br />[hè] join in singing, compose a poem in reply<br />[huó] mix with water<br />[huò] mix, blend<br />[hú] complete a set in Mahjong | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 你 | | | 你 | ||
| [nǐ] (Alternative feminine form: 妳 nǐ) you, your; 你们 nǐmen you (plural) | | [nǐ] (Alternative feminine form: 妳 nǐ) you, your; 你们 nǐmen you (plural) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 地 | | | 地 | ||
| [dì] earth, ground, soil, place, position, distance; 地支 dìzhī the Twelve Terrestrial Branches<br />[de] <adverbial particle: descripion + 地 + verb>, ~ly; 快地走 kuàide zǒu walk quickly | | [dì] earth, ground, soil, place, position, distance; 地支 dìzhī the Twelve Terrestrial Branches<br />[de] <adverbial particle: descripion + 地 + verb>, ~ly; 快地走 kuàide zǒu walk quickly | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 出 | | | 出 | ||
| [chū] go out, come out, in direction out from something, emit, issue, prouce; 出现 chūxiàn appear, emerge, (F齣) <classifier for operas and plays> | | [chū] go out, come out, in direction out from something, emit, issue, prouce; 出现 chūxiàn appear, emerge, (F齣) <classifier for operas and plays> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 道 | | | 道 | ||
| [dào] way, path, channel, way, say, a streak (of light), doctrine, <classifier for rivers, topics, etc.>, (=道教 Dàojiào) Taoism; 知道 zhīdao know<br />[dǎo] (=导 dǎo) lead; 领道 = 领导 lǐngdǎo leader | | [dào] way, path, channel, way, say, a streak (of light), doctrine, <classifier for rivers, topics, etc.>, (=道教 Dàojiào) Taoism; 知道 zhīdao know<br />[dǎo] (=导 dǎo) lead; 领道 = 领导 lǐngdǎo leader | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 也 | | | 也 | ||
| [yě] also, as well; 也许 yěxǔ perhaps | | [yě] also, as well; 也许 yěxǔ perhaps | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 时(F時) | | | 时(F時) | ||
| [shí] period, season, (=时间 shíjiān, =时候 shíhou) time, (=小时 xiǎoshí) hour | | [shí] period, season, (=时间 shíjiān, =时候 shíhou) time, (=小时 xiǎoshí) hour | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 年 | | | 年 | ||
| [nián] year, <family name>; 今年 jīnnián this year; 明年 míngnián next year; 去年 qùnián last year; 中年 zhōngnián middle age | | [nián] year, <family name>; 今年 jīnnián this year; 明年 míngnián next year; 去年 qùnián last year; 中年 zhōngnián middle age | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 得 | | | 得 | ||
| [de] <adverbial particle: verb + 得 + descripion>; 走得快 zǒude kuài walk quickly<br />[dé] get, reach, achieve<br />[děi] should | | [de] <adverbial particle: verb + 得 + descripion>; 走得快 zǒude kuài walk quickly<br />[dé] get, reach, achieve<br />[děi] should | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 就 | | | 就 | ||
| [jiù] just, simply, right away; 就要 jiùyào about to (do something); 这就是我! Zhè jiùshì wǒ! This is simply me!; 他就要去. Tā jiùyào qù. He is about to leave. | | [jiù] just, simply, right away; 就要 jiùyào about to (do something); 这就是我! Zhè jiùshì wǒ! This is simply me!; 他就要去. Tā jiùyào qù. He is about to leave. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 那 | | | 那 | ||
| [nà] that<br />[nèi] that (before classifier)<br />[nuó] 禅那 chánnuó deep meditation<br />[nuò] 无那 wúnuò helpless, unfortunately<br />[nǎ] (=哪 nǎ) what?<br />[něi] (=哪 něi before classifier) which? | | [nà] that<br />[nèi] that (before classifier)<br />[nuó] 禅那 chánnuó deep meditation<br />[nuò] 无那 wúnuò helpless, unfortunately<br />[nǎ] (=哪 nǎ) what?<br />[něi] (=哪 něi before classifier) which? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 要 | | | 要 | ||
| [yào] want, will, shall, need, important, essential; 主要 zhǔyào main, fundamental<br />[yāo] 要求 yāoqiú demand | | [yào] want, will, shall, need, important, essential; 主要 zhǔyào main, fundamental<br />[yāo] 要求 yāoqiú demand | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 下 | | | 下 | ||
| [xià] below, under, (go) down, next (as opposed to previous/last)<br />{Compare with 上 shàng above} | | [xià] below, under, (go) down, next (as opposed to previous/last)<br />{Compare with 上 shàng above} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 以 | | | 以 | ||
| [yǐ] use, take, according to, because of, in order to; 可以 kěyǐ OK, may; 所以 suǒyǐ so, therefore, as a result; 以外 yǐwài beyond, except | | [yǐ] use, take, according to, because of, in order to; 可以 kěyǐ OK, may; 所以 suǒyǐ so, therefore, as a result; 以外 yǐwài beyond, except | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 生 | | | 生 | ||
| [shēng] give birth, life; 先生 xiānsheng mister, gentleman, Sir | | [shēng] give birth, life; 先生 xiānsheng mister, gentleman, Sir | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 会(F會) | | | 会(F會) | ||
| [huì] can, able, meet, meeting, society, union, party<br />[kuài] 会计 kuàijì accounting<br />[huǐ] 会儿 huìr moment | | [huì] can, able, meet, meeting, society, union, party<br />[kuài] 会计 kuàijì accounting<br />[huǐ] 会儿 huìr moment | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 自 | | | 自 | ||
| [zì] from, since, (=自己 zìjǐ) self; 自然 zìrán nature<br />{Compare with 目 mù eye and 白 bái white} | | [zì] from, since, (=自己 zìjǐ) self; 自然 zìrán nature<br />{Compare with 目 mù eye and 白 bái white} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 着(F著) | | | 着(F著) | ||
| [zhe] <verb particle marking a continuing progress/state><br />[zháo] touch<br />[zhuó] wear clothes, dress, touch<br />[zhāo] put in, add, (F招) make move in chess, trick, decieve | | [zhe] <verb particle marking a continuing progress/state><br />[zháo] touch<br />[zhuó] wear clothes, dress, touch<br />[zhāo] put in, add, (F招) make move in chess, trick, decieve | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 去 | | | 去 | ||
| [qù] go, leave, depart (opposite of 来 lái) | | [qù] go, leave, depart (opposite of 来 lái) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 之 | | | 之 | ||
| [zhī] <subordinator similar to 的 de>, it (in classical texts) | | [zhī] <subordinator similar to 的 de>, it (in classical texts) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 过(F過) | | | 过(F過) | ||
| [guò] pass, cross, go by, exceed, <verb particle marking that someone has had the experience of doing something, that it has happened at least once>; 过马路 guò mǎlù cross the street; 我去过中国两次. wǒ qùguo Zhōngguó liǎng cì. I have gone to China twice. | | [guò] pass, cross, go by, exceed, <verb particle marking that someone has had the experience of doing something, that it has happened at least once>; 过马路 guò mǎlù cross the street; 我去过中国两次. wǒ qùguo Zhōngguó liǎng cì. I have gone to China twice. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 家 | | | 家 | ||
| [jiā] home, house, family; 国家 guójiā nation; 大家 dàjiā everybody<br />[jie] 整天家 zhěngtiānjie all day long; 家里 jiālǐ (at) home, (in the) family | | [jiā] home, house, family; 国家 guójiā nation; 大家 dàjiā everybody<br />[jie] 整天家 zhěngtiānjie all day long; 家里 jiālǐ (at) home, (in the) family | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 学(F學) | | | 学(F學) | ||
| [xué] study, learn; 学校 xuéxiào school; 学生 xuésheng student<br />{Compare with 字 zì written character} | | [xué] study, learn; 学校 xuéxiào school; 学生 xuésheng student<br />{Compare with 字 zì written character} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 对(F對) | | | 对(F對) | ||
| [duì] correct, answer, treat, agree, mutual, pair; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me | | [duì] correct, answer, treat, agree, mutual, pair; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 可 | | | 可 | ||
| [kě] ~able, (=可以 kěyǐ) may, can, (=可是 kěshì) but, however; 可爱 kě'ài loveable, cute; 可能 kě'néng possible, probable, maybe; 可口可乐 kěkǒukělè Coca Cola<br />[kè] 可汗 kèhán khan | | [kě] ~able, (=可以 kěyǐ) may, can, (=可是 kěshì) but, however; 可爱 kě'ài loveable, cute; 可能 kě'néng possible, probable, maybe; 可口可乐 kěkǒukělè Coca Cola<br />[kè] 可汗 kèhán khan | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 她 | | | 她 | ||
| [tā] she, her | | [tā] she, her | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 里 | | | 里 | ||
| [lǐ] neighbourhood, half kilometer, <family name>, (F裏,裡) in, inside, lining; 哪里? nǎli? where?; 那里 nàli there; 这里 zhèli here | | [lǐ] neighbourhood, half kilometer, <family name>, (F裏,裡) in, inside, lining; 哪里? nǎli? where?; 那里 nàli there; 这里 zhèli here | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | || | ||
| | 后 | | | 后 | ||
| [hòu] queen, (F後) after, behind, <family name>; 后天 hòutiān the day after tomorrow | | [hòu] queen, (F後) after, behind, <family name>; 后天 hòutiān the day after tomorrow |
Revision as of 11:57, 11 July 2014
Hanzi Chinese orthography uses Hanzi characters instead of most common brivla and digits. lujvo are expressed using a special separator |.
This can make Lojban easily readable (but of course not immediately pronouncable) by most speakers of Chinese dialects.
Some examples of Hanzi:
Hanzi | Lojban |
---|---|
一 | pa |
二 | re |
三 | ci |
四 | vo |
人 | prenu |
女 | fetsi |
子 | verba |
山 | cmana |
Lojban | Character | Pronunciations and explanations |
---|---|---|
的 | [de] <grammatical particle marking genitive as well as simple and composed adjectives>; 我的 wǒde my; 高的 gāode high, tall; 是的 shìde that's it, that's right; 是...的 shì...de one who...; 他是说汉语的. Tā shì shuō Hànyǔde. He is one who speaks Chinese. [dì] 目的 mùdì goal [dí] true, real; 的确 díquè certainly | |
pa | 一(A壹) | [yī] one, a little; 第一 dì-yī first, primary; 看一看 kànyīkàn have a (quick) look at [yí] (used before tone #4); 一个人 yí gè rén one person; 一定 yídìng certain; 一样 yíyàng same; 一月yíyuè January [yì] (used before tones #2 and #3); 一点儿 yìdiǎnr a little; 一些 yìxiē some {Compare with 幺(F么) yāo, which also means "one"} |
是 | [shì] to be, 是不是? shìbushì? is (it) or is (it) not?; 是否 shìfǒu whether or not, is (it) or is (it) not? | |
不 | [bù] not [bú] (used before tone #4); 不是 bú shì isn't | |
co'i | 了 | [le] <verb particle marking a new situation or a completed action>; 你来了! Nǐ láile! You have come! 我累了! Wǒ lèile! I've gotten tired! 那好了! Nà hǎole! That's OK (now)! 我只请了一位客人. Wǒ zhǐ qǐngle yí wèi kèren. I invited only one guest. [liǎo] end, finish, settle, dispose of, know clearly, to be able, (=了解 liǎojiě) understand, comprehend; 了了 liǎoliaǒ clearly understand, settle (a debt/etc.), to be intelligent; 了了 liǎole to be over/ended/finnish/settled; 你卖不了! Nǐ mài bùliǎo! You will not be able to sell (it)! [liào] (=瞭 liaò) to survey/watch {Compare with 子 zǐ child} |
prenu | 人 | [rén] person; 人类 rénlèi humankind; 有人吗? yǒu rén ma? Is there anybody here? {Compare with 入 rù enter} |
mi | 我 | [wǒ] I, me, my; 我们 wǒmen we, us {Compare with 找 zhǎo seek} |
在 | [zài] at; 现在 xiànzài now; 存在 cúnzài exist | |
有 | [yǒu] have, there is; 没有 méiyǒu haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?; 有的 yǒude some [yòu] (=又 yòu) again, both... and... | |
ra | 他 | [tā] he, him, his, (she, her, it, its), (=其他 qítā) other [tuō] (in classical texts) someone else, something else |
这(F這) | [zhè] this; 这儿 zhèr here [zhèi] this (before classifier) | |
中 | [zhōng] middle, in; 中国 Zhōngguó China [zhòng] hit (a target) | |
大 | [dà] big; 多大? duōdà? how large?; 大小 dàxiǎo size; 大家 dàjiā everybody [dài] 大夫 dàifu doctor {Compare with 太 tài very and 木 mù tree} | |
来(F來) | [lái] come; 原来 yuánlái originally, as a matter of fact; 来年 láinián coming/next year(s) [lai] (when used as a verb complement); 起来 qǐlai get up | |
上 | [shàng] above, on, over, top, (go) up, last, previous [shǎng] 上声 shǎngshēng 3rd tone in Mandarin [shang] (when used as a verb complement) {Compare with 下 xià under} | |
国(F國) | [guó] (=国家 guójiā) country, state, nation, <family name>; 中国 Zhōngguó China; 美国 Měiguó USA | |
个(F個,箇) | [gè] <general and non-specific classifier>; 个人 gèrén personal; 个人主页 gèrénzhùyè personal homepage [gě] 自个 zìgě oneself | |
到 | [dào] to, towards, until, arrive, reach | |
说(F說) | [shuō] explain, scold, refer to, (=说话 shuōhuà) speak, say; 游说 yóushuō persuade [shuì] try to persuade; 游说 yóushuì lobbying | |
们(F們) | [men] <pluralizing suffix for pronouns and nouns referring to persons>; 我们 wǒmen we; 人们 rénmen people, persons | |
为(F為) | [wèi] for, for the sake of, in order to, in this connection [wéi] do, act, act as, be, become; 认为 rènwéi think or believe that...; 以为 yǐwéi think or believe erroneously that... {Compare with 办 bàn do} | |
子 | [zǐ] child, son; 子女 zǐnǚ sons and daughters; 儿子 érzi son [zi] (noun suffix); 桌子 zhuōzi table {Compare with 了 le <particle>} | |
和 | [hé] together, with, (F龢) harmony, gentle, mild, kind, <family name>; 和平 hépíng peace [Hé] Japan [huo] 暖和 nuǎnhuo nice and warm [hè] join in singing, compose a poem in reply [huó] mix with water [huò] mix, blend [hú] complete a set in Mahjong | |
你 | [nǐ] (Alternative feminine form: 妳 nǐ) you, your; 你们 nǐmen you (plural) | |
地 | [dì] earth, ground, soil, place, position, distance; 地支 dìzhī the Twelve Terrestrial Branches [de] <adverbial particle: descripion + 地 + verb>, ~ly; 快地走 kuàide zǒu walk quickly | |
出 | [chū] go out, come out, in direction out from something, emit, issue, prouce; 出现 chūxiàn appear, emerge, (F齣) <classifier for operas and plays> | |
道 | [dào] way, path, channel, way, say, a streak (of light), doctrine, <classifier for rivers, topics, etc.>, (=道教 Dàojiào) Taoism; 知道 zhīdao know [dǎo] (=导 dǎo) lead; 领道 = 领导 lǐngdǎo leader | |
也 | [yě] also, as well; 也许 yěxǔ perhaps | |
时(F時) | [shí] period, season, (=时间 shíjiān, =时候 shíhou) time, (=小时 xiǎoshí) hour | |
年 | [nián] year, <family name>; 今年 jīnnián this year; 明年 míngnián next year; 去年 qùnián last year; 中年 zhōngnián middle age | |
得 | [de] <adverbial particle: verb + 得 + descripion>; 走得快 zǒude kuài walk quickly [dé] get, reach, achieve [děi] should | |
就 | [jiù] just, simply, right away; 就要 jiùyào about to (do something); 这就是我! Zhè jiùshì wǒ! This is simply me!; 他就要去. Tā jiùyào qù. He is about to leave. | |
那 | [nà] that [nèi] that (before classifier) [nuó] 禅那 chánnuó deep meditation [nuò] 无那 wúnuò helpless, unfortunately [nǎ] (=哪 nǎ) what? [něi] (=哪 něi before classifier) which? | |
要 | [yào] want, will, shall, need, important, essential; 主要 zhǔyào main, fundamental [yāo] 要求 yāoqiú demand | |
下 | [xià] below, under, (go) down, next (as opposed to previous/last) {Compare with 上 shàng above} | |
以 | [yǐ] use, take, according to, because of, in order to; 可以 kěyǐ OK, may; 所以 suǒyǐ so, therefore, as a result; 以外 yǐwài beyond, except | |
生 | [shēng] give birth, life; 先生 xiānsheng mister, gentleman, Sir | |
会(F會) | [huì] can, able, meet, meeting, society, union, party [kuài] 会计 kuàijì accounting [huǐ] 会儿 huìr moment | |
自 | [zì] from, since, (=自己 zìjǐ) self; 自然 zìrán nature {Compare with 目 mù eye and 白 bái white} | |
着(F著) | [zhe] <verb particle marking a continuing progress/state> [zháo] touch [zhuó] wear clothes, dress, touch [zhāo] put in, add, (F招) make move in chess, trick, decieve | |
去 | [qù] go, leave, depart (opposite of 来 lái) | |
之 | [zhī] <subordinator similar to 的 de>, it (in classical texts) | |
过(F過) | [guò] pass, cross, go by, exceed, <verb particle marking that someone has had the experience of doing something, that it has happened at least once>; 过马路 guò mǎlù cross the street; 我去过中国两次. wǒ qùguo Zhōngguó liǎng cì. I have gone to China twice. | |
家 | [jiā] home, house, family; 国家 guójiā nation; 大家 dàjiā everybody [jie] 整天家 zhěngtiānjie all day long; 家里 jiālǐ (at) home, (in the) family | |
学(F學) | [xué] study, learn; 学校 xuéxiào school; 学生 xuésheng student {Compare with 字 zì written character} | |
对(F對) | [duì] correct, answer, treat, agree, mutual, pair; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me | |
可 | [kě] ~able, (=可以 kěyǐ) may, can, (=可是 kěshì) but, however; 可爱 kě'ài loveable, cute; 可能 kě'néng possible, probable, maybe; 可口可乐 kěkǒukělè Coca Cola [kè] 可汗 kèhán khan | |
她 | [tā] she, her | |
里 | [lǐ] neighbourhood, half kilometer, <family name>, (F裏,裡) in, inside, lining; 哪里? nǎli? where?; 那里 nàli there; 这里 zhèli here | |
后 | [hòu] queen, (F後) after, behind, <family name>; 后天 hòutiān the day after tomorrow |