Hanzi orthography: Difference between revisions

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Hanzi Chinese orthography uses Hanzi characters instead of most common brivla and digits. lujvo are expressed using a special separator '''|'''.
Hanzi Chinese orthography uses Hanzi characters instead of most common brivla and digits. lujvo are expressed using a special separator '''|''' connecting brivla.


This can make Lojban easily readable (but of course not immediately pronouncable) by most speakers of Chinese dialects.
The idea is that most common Chinese texts written in Hanzi characters are meaningful in Hanzi Lojban orthography as well.
 
This can lead to certain unification between Lojban and Chinese.


Some examples of Hanzi:
Some examples of Hanzi:
Line 7: Line 9:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+namcu
|+namcu
! Hanzi !! Lojban
! Hanzi !! Lojban
|-
|-
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| 九 || so
| 九 || so
|}
|}
{|class=wikitable
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Lojban
!Lojban
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| [zhè] this; 这儿 zhèr here<br />[zhèi] this (before classifier)
| [zhè] this; 这儿 zhèr here<br />[zhèi] this (before classifier)
|-
|-
||
||midju
|  | 中
|  | 中
| [zhōng] middle, in; 中国 Zhōngguó China<br />[zhòng] hit (a target)
| [zhōng] middle, in; 中国 Zhōngguó China<br />[zhòng] hit (a target)
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| [lái] come; 原来 yuánlái originally, as a matter of fact; 来年 láinián coming/next year(s)<br />[lai] (when used as a verb complement); 起来 qǐlai get up
| [lái] come; 原来 yuánlái originally, as a matter of fact; 来年 láinián coming/next year(s)<br />[lai] (when used as a verb complement); 起来 qǐlai get up
|-
|-
||
||gapru
|  | 上
|  | 上
| [shàng] above, on, over, top, (go) up, last, previous<br />[shǎng] 上声 shǎngshēng 3rd tone in Mandarin<br />[shang] (when used as a verb complement)<br />{Compare with 下 xià under}
| [shàng] above, on, over, top, (go) up, last, previous<br />[shǎng] 上声 shǎngshēng 3rd tone in Mandarin<br />[shang] (when used as a verb complement)<br />{Compare with 下 xià under}
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| [gè] <general and non-specific classifier>; 个人 gèrén personal; 个人主页 gèrénzhùyè personal homepage<br />[gě] 自个 zìgě oneself
| [gè] <general and non-specific classifier>; 个人 gèrén personal; 个人主页 gèrénzhùyè personal homepage<br />[gě] 自个 zìgě oneself
|-
|-
||
||fa'a
|  | 到
|  | 到
| [dào] to, towards, until, arrive, reach
| [dào] to, towards, until, arrive, reach
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| [zǐ] child, son; 子女 zǐnǚ sons and daughters; 儿子 érzi son<br />[zi] (noun suffix); 桌子 zhuōzi table<br />{Compare with 了 le <particle>}
| [zǐ] child, son; 子女 zǐnǚ sons and daughters; 儿子 érzi son<br />[zi] (noun suffix); 桌子 zhuōzi table<br />{Compare with 了 le <particle>}
|-
|-
||
||kansa
|  | 和
|  | 和
| [hé] together, with, (F龢) harmony, gentle, mild, kind, <family name>; 和平 hépíng peace<br />[Hé] Japan<br />[huo] 暖和 nuǎnhuo nice and warm<br />[hè] join in singing, compose a poem in reply<br />[huó] mix with water<br />[huò] mix, blend<br />[hú] complete a set in Mahjong
| [hé] together, with, (F龢) harmony, gentle, mild, kind, <family name>; 和平 hépíng peace<br />[Hé] Japan<br />[huo] 暖和 nuǎnhuo nice and warm<br />[hè] join in singing, compose a poem in reply<br />[huó] mix with water<br />[huò] mix, blend<br />[hú] complete a set in Mahjong
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| [huì] can, able, meet, meeting, society, union, party<br />[kuài] 会计 kuàijì accounting<br />[huǐ] 会儿 huìr moment
| [huì] can, able, meet, meeting, society, union, party<br />[kuài] 会计 kuàijì accounting<br />[huǐ] 会儿 huìr moment
|-
|-
||
||to'o
|  | 自
|  | 自
| [zì] from, since, (=自己 zìjǐ) self; 自然 zìrán nature<br />{Compare with 目 mù eye and 白 bái white}
| [zì] from, since, (=自己 zìjǐ) self; 自然 zìrán nature<br />{Compare with 目 mù eye and 白 bái white}
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| [duì] correct, answer, treat, agree, mutual, pair; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me
| [duì] correct, answer, treat, agree, mutual, pair; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me
|-
|-
||
||ka'e
|  | 可
|  | 可
| [kě] ~able, (=可以 kěyǐ) may, can, (=可是 kěshì) but, however; 可爱 kě'ài loveable, cute; 可能 kě'néng possible, probable, maybe; 可口可乐 kěkǒukělè Coca Cola<br />[kè] 可汗 kèhán khan
| [kě] ~able, (=可以 kěyǐ) may, can, (=可是 kěshì) but, however; 可爱 kě'ài loveable, cute; 可能 kě'néng possible, probable, maybe; 可口可乐 kěkǒukělè Coca Cola<br />[kè] 可汗 kèhán khan
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| [méi] (=没有 méiyǒu) haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?<br />[mò] sink, overflow, disappear, confiscate
| [méi] (=没有 méiyǒu) haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?<br />[mò] sink, overflow, disappear, confiscate
|-
|-
||
||solri
|  | 日
|  | 日
| [rì] sun, (=日子 rìzi) day; 日记 rìjì diary; 日光 rìguāng sunlight<br />{Compare with 曰 yuē say, 目 mù eye and 甘 gān sweet}
| [rì] sun, (=日子 rìzi) day; 日记 rìjì diary; 日光 rìguāng sunlight<br />{Compare with 曰 yuē say, 目 mù eye and 甘 gān sweet}

Latest revision as of 06:15, 14 July 2014

Hanzi Chinese orthography uses Hanzi characters instead of most common brivla and digits. lujvo are expressed using a special separator | connecting brivla.

The idea is that most common Chinese texts written in Hanzi characters are meaningful in Hanzi Lojban orthography as well.

This can lead to certain unification between Lojban and Chinese.

Some examples of Hanzi:

namcu
Hanzi Lojban
no
pa
re
ci
vo
mu
xa
ze
bi
so
Lojban Character Pronunciations and explanations
[de] <grammatical particle marking genitive as well as simple and composed adjectives>; 我的 wǒde my; 高的 gāode high, tall; 是的 shìde that's it, that's right; 是...的 shì...de one who...; 他是说汉语的. Tā shì shuō Hànyǔde. He is one who speaks Chinese.
[dì] 目的 mùdì goal
[dí] true, real; 的确 díquè certainly
pa 一(A壹) [yī] one, a little; 第一 dì-yī first, primary; 看一看 kànyīkàn have a (quick) look at
[yí] (used before tone #4); 一个人 yí gè rén one person; 一定 yídìng certain; 一样 yíyàng same; 一月yíyuè January
[yì] (used before tones #2 and #3); 一点儿 yìdiǎnr a little; 一些 yìxiē some
{Compare with 幺(F么) yāo, which also means "one"}
[shì] to be, 是不是? shìbushì? is (it) or is (it) not?; 是否 shìfǒu whether or not, is (it) or is (it) not?
[bù] not
[bú] (used before tone #4); 不是 bú shì isn't
co'i [le] <verb particle marking a new situation or a completed action>; 你来了! Nǐ láile! You have come! 我累了! Wǒ lèile! I've gotten tired! 那好了! Nà hǎole! That's OK (now)! 我只请了一位客人. Wǒ zhǐ qǐngle yí wèi kèren. I invited only one guest.
[liǎo] end, finish, settle, dispose of, know clearly, to be able, (=了解 liǎojiě) understand, comprehend; 了了 liǎoliaǒ clearly understand, settle (a debt/etc.), to be intelligent; 了了 liǎole to be over/ended/finnish/settled; 你卖不了! Nǐ mài bùliǎo! You will not be able to sell (it)!

[liào] (=瞭 liaò) to survey/watch {Compare with 子 zǐ child}

prenu [rén] person; 人类 rénlèi humankind; 有人吗? yǒu rén ma? Is there anybody here?
{Compare with 入 rù enter}
mi [wǒ] I, me, my; 我们 wǒmen we, us
{Compare with 找 zhǎo seek}
[zài] at; 现在 xiànzài now; 存在 cúnzài exist
[yǒu] have, there is; 没有 méiyǒu haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?; 有的 yǒude some
[yòu] (=又 yòu) again, both... and...
ra [tā] he, him, his, (she, her, it, its), (=其他 qítā) other
[tuō] (in classical texts) someone else, something else
这(F這) [zhè] this; 这儿 zhèr here
[zhèi] this (before classifier)
midju [zhōng] middle, in; 中国 Zhōngguó China
[zhòng] hit (a target)
[dà] big; 多大? duōdà? how large?; 大小 dàxiǎo size; 大家 dàjiā everybody
[dài] 大夫 dàifu doctor
{Compare with 太 tài very and 木 mù tree}
来(F來) [lái] come; 原来 yuánlái originally, as a matter of fact; 来年 láinián coming/next year(s)
[lai] (when used as a verb complement); 起来 qǐlai get up
gapru [shàng] above, on, over, top, (go) up, last, previous
[shǎng] 上声 shǎngshēng 3rd tone in Mandarin
[shang] (when used as a verb complement)
{Compare with 下 xià under}
国(F國) [guó] (=国家 guójiā) country, state, nation, <family name>; 中国 Zhōngguó China; 美国 Měiguó USA
个(F個,箇) [gè] <general and non-specific classifier>; 个人 gèrén personal; 个人主页 gèrénzhùyè personal homepage
[gě] 自个 zìgě oneself
fa'a [dào] to, towards, until, arrive, reach
说(F說) [shuō] explain, scold, refer to, (=说话 shuōhuà) speak, say; 游说 yóushuō persuade
[shuì] try to persuade; 游说 yóushuì lobbying
们(F們) [men] <pluralizing suffix for pronouns and nouns referring to persons>; 我们 wǒmen we; 人们 rénmen people, persons
为(F為) [wèi] for, for the sake of, in order to, in this connection
[wéi] do, act, act as, be, become; 认为 rènwéi think or believe that...; 以为 yǐwéi think or believe erroneously that...
{Compare with 办 bàn do}
verba [zǐ] child, son; 子女 zǐnǚ sons and daughters; 儿子 érzi son
[zi] (noun suffix); 桌子 zhuōzi table
{Compare with 了 le <particle>}
kansa [hé] together, with, (F龢) harmony, gentle, mild, kind, <family name>; 和平 hépíng peace
[Hé] Japan
[huo] 暖和 nuǎnhuo nice and warm
[hè] join in singing, compose a poem in reply
[huó] mix with water
[huò] mix, blend
[hú] complete a set in Mahjong
[nǐ] (Alternative feminine form: 妳 nǐ) you, your; 你们 nǐmen you (plural)
[dì] earth, ground, soil, place, position, distance; 地支 dìzhī the Twelve Terrestrial Branches
[de] <adverbial particle: descripion + 地 + verb>, ~ly; 快地走 kuàide zǒu walk quickly
[chū] go out, come out, in direction out from something, emit, issue, prouce; 出现 chūxiàn appear, emerge, (F齣) <classifier for operas and plays>
[dào] way, path, channel, way, say, a streak (of light), doctrine, <classifier for rivers, topics, etc.>, (=道教 Dàojiào) Taoism; 知道 zhīdao know
[dǎo] (=导 dǎo) lead; 领道 = 领导 lǐngdǎo leader
[yě] also, as well; 也许 yěxǔ perhaps
时(F時) [shí] period, season, (=时间 shíjiān, =时候 shíhou) time, (=小时 xiǎoshí) hour
[nián] year, <family name>; 今年 jīnnián this year; 明年 míngnián next year; 去年 qùnián last year; 中年 zhōngnián middle age
[de] <adverbial particle: verb + 得 + descripion>; 走得快 zǒude kuài walk quickly
[dé] get, reach, achieve
[děi] should
[jiù] just, simply, right away; 就要 jiùyào about to (do something); 这就是我! Zhè jiùshì wǒ! This is simply me!; 他就要去. Tā jiùyào qù. He is about to leave.
[nà] that
[nèi] that (before classifier)
[nuó] 禅那 chánnuó deep meditation
[nuò] 无那 wúnuò helpless, unfortunately
[nǎ] (=哪 nǎ) what?
[něi] (=哪 něi before classifier) which?
[yào] want, will, shall, need, important, essential; 主要 zhǔyào main, fundamental
[yāo] 要求 yāoqiú demand
[xià] below, under, (go) down, next (as opposed to previous/last)
{Compare with 上 shàng above}
[yǐ] use, take, according to, because of, in order to; 可以 kěyǐ OK, may; 所以 suǒyǐ so, therefore, as a result; 以外 yǐwài beyond, except
[shēng] give birth, life; 先生 xiānsheng mister, gentleman, Sir
会(F會) [huì] can, able, meet, meeting, society, union, party
[kuài] 会计 kuàijì accounting
[huǐ] 会儿 huìr moment
to'o [zì] from, since, (=自己 zìjǐ) self; 自然 zìrán nature
{Compare with 目 mù eye and 白 bái white}
着(F著) [zhe] <verb particle marking a continuing progress/state>
[zháo] touch
[zhuó] wear clothes, dress, touch
[zhāo] put in, add, (F招) make move in chess, trick, decieve
[qù] go, leave, depart (opposite of 来 lái)
[zhī] <subordinator similar to 的 de>, it (in classical texts)
过(F過) [guò] pass, cross, go by, exceed, <verb particle marking that someone has had the experience of doing something, that it has happened at least once>; 过马路 guò mǎlù cross the street; 我去过中国两次. wǒ qùguo Zhōngguó liǎng cì. I have gone to China twice.
[jiā] home, house, family; 国家 guójiā nation; 大家 dàjiā everybody
[jie] 整天家 zhěngtiānjie all day long; 家里 jiālǐ (at) home, (in the) family
学(F學) [xué] study, learn; 学校 xuéxiào school; 学生 xuésheng student
{Compare with 字 zì written character}
对(F對) [duì] correct, answer, treat, agree, mutual, pair; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me
ka'e [kě] ~able, (=可以 kěyǐ) may, can, (=可是 kěshì) but, however; 可爱 kě'ài loveable, cute; 可能 kě'néng possible, probable, maybe; 可口可乐 kěkǒukělè Coca Cola
[kè] 可汗 kèhán khan
[tā] she, her
[lǐ] neighbourhood, half kilometer, <family name>, (F裏,裡) in, inside, lining; 哪里? nǎli? where?; 那里 nàli there; 这里 zhèli here
[hòu] queen, (F後) after, behind, <family name>; 后天 hòutiān the day after tomorrow
[xiǎo] small; 大小 dàxiǎo size
[me/mo] (F麼,末) (interrogative suffix) 什么? shénme? what?; 为什么? wèishénme? why? 没什么! méi shénme! It doesn't matter!, Never mind!; 怎么? zěnme? how?
[yāo] (S幺) youngest, one (e.g. in bus/house/phone numbers)
[xīn] heart; 小心 xiǎoxīn be careful; 心理 xīnlǐ psychology, mentality; 中心 zhōngxīn center
[duō] many, much, more; 多大 duōdà how large?; 多少 duōshǎo how many/much?
[tiān] sky, heaven, god, day, (=天空 tiānkōng) sky; 天气 tiānqì weather
{天干 tiāngān the Ten Heavenly Stems: 甲乙丙丁戊己庚辛壬癸 jiǎ-yǐ-bǐng-dīng-wù-jǐ-gēng-xīn-rén-guǐ (these characters are sometimes used as ordinal numbers}
{Compare with 夫 fū man and 无 wú without}
[ér] (=而且 érqiě) and, furthermore, (=然而 rán'ér) yet, even so
[néng] can, be able; 能够 nénggòu be capable of; 可能 kě'néng maybe
[hǎo] good, good to..., easy to...; 你好! Nǐhǎo! Hello!
[hào] to like
[hāo] 好好儿 hǎohāor in perfectly good condition
[dōu] all
[dū] (=首都 shǒudū) capital city
[rán] right, correct, so, like that; 虽然 suīrán although; 忽然 hūrán suddenly; 当然 dāngrán of course; 自然 zìrán nature
没(F沒) [méi] (=没有 méiyǒu) haven't, there isn't; 有没有? Yǒuméiyǒu? Is there or isn't there? Have (you) or haven't (you)?
[mò] sink, overflow, disappear, confiscate
solri [rì] sun, (=日子 rìzi) day; 日记 rìjì diary; 日光 rìguāng sunlight
{Compare with 曰 yuē say, 目 mù eye and 甘 gān sweet}
[yú] <family name>, (F於) in, at, for, to, from, by, than
{Compare with 千 qiān thousand and 干 gān stem}
[qǐ] rise, start; 起来 qǐlai get up; 对不起 duìbuqǐ excuse me
[qi] (when used as a verb complement)
还(F還) [hái] still, yet
[huán] return, give back
[fā] (F發) deliver, utter, express, shoot, emit, develop, expand
[fà] (F髮) hair
[fa] (F髮) 头发 tóufa hair
[chéng] (=成为 chéngwéi, =变成 biànchéng) become, <family name>; 成功 chénggōng succeed; 完成 wánchéng accomplish, complete, fulfill; 成语 chéngyǔ idiom
[shì] matter, affair, thing, event, accident, job, responsibility; 事情 shìqing situation
只(F祇) [zhǐ] only, just, merely, <classifier implying "one of a pair", animals, vessels, utensils, etc.>; 一只猫 yì zhǐ māo a cat
[zhī] (F隻) single, one, only
{Compare with 兄 xiōng brother}
[zuò] do, make; 工作 gōngzuò work; 作业 zuòyè homework
[zuó] 作践 zuójian spoil, waste, humiliate, insult
[zuō] do
[dāng] (F當) serve as, (F噹) ding-dong
[dàng] (F當) proper, right, equal, (=当作 dàngzuò) treat as, regard as
[xiǎng] think, feel, consider, want, remember
[kàn] see, look at, read, think, consider
[kān] look after, tend; 看守 kānshǒu guard
[wén] language, literature, <family name>; 文化 wénhuà culture; 中文 Zhōngwén Chinese (written) language
无(F無) [wú] without, nothingness, have not
[mó] 南无 nánmó <Sanskrit> to give oneself totally to
{Compare with 天 tiān heaven}
开(F開) [kāi] open; 开始 kāishǐ begin 打开 dǎkāi open, unfold
[kai] (when used as a verb complement)
{Compare with 并 bìng combine}
[shǒu] hand, a person skilled in something; 挥手 huīshǒu wave; 拍手 pāishǒu clap; 握手 wòshǒu shake/clasp hands
{Compare with 毛 máo hair}
十(A拾) [shí] ten; 十三 shísān thirteen; 五十 wǔshí fifty; 十月 shíyuè October
[yòng] use; 好用 hǎoyòng useful; 不用 búyòng there's no need; 使用 shǐyòng use, apply
{Compare with 甩 shuǎi swing}
[zhǔ] lord, master, host, god, (=主要 zhǔyào) main, primary; 主义 zhǔyì doctrine, ~ism; 主页 zhùyè homepage
{Compare with 王 wáng king}
[xíng] go, OK; 行动 xíngdòng action, operation, move, get about, act
[háng] line; 银行 yínháng bank; 行业 hángyè profession
[hàng] 树行子 shùhàngzi rows of trees
[héng] (phonetic radical)
[fāng] side, square; 地方 dìfang place; 方面 fāngmiàn aspect
{Compare with 万 wàn ten thousand}
[yòu] again, both... and...
[rú] like, as, as if, (=如果 rúguǒ) if; 如此 rúcǐ like this
[qián] in front, previous, ago, former, first; 前天 the day before yesterday
[suǒ] place; 所以 suǒyǐ so, therefore; 所有 suǒyǒu all; 厕所 cèsuǒ toilet
[běn] basis, origin, edition, <classifier for books, periodicals, files, etc.>; 本人 běnrén I, me, myself; 日本 Rìběn Japan
{Compare with 木 mù tree}
见(F見) [jiàn] appear to be, meet with, call on, (=看见 kànjian) see; 意见 yìjian idea, view, opinion; 听见 tīngjiàn hear
[xiàn] show, appear, become visible
{Compare with 贝 bèi shellfish}
经(F經) [jīng] longitude (both geographic and in Chinese medecin), scripture, constant, regular, <family name>, deal with, (=经纪 jīngjì) manage (a business); 已经 yǐjing already; 经过 jīngguò pass, go through; 经验 jīngyàn experience; 经由 jīngyóu via, by way of; 经常 jīngcháng frequent, daily; 易经 Yìjīng Book of Changes;
头(F頭) [tóu] head, top, first, <classifier for livestock, garlic, etc.>; 头发 tóufa hair
[tou] 石头 shítou stone
[miàn] face, surface, <classifier for mirrors, flags, etc.>, (F麵) wheat flour, (=面条 miàntiáo) noodle; 面包 miànbāo bread
[gōng] public, official; 公里 gōnglǐ kilometer; 办公室 bànggōngshì office; 公司 gōngsī company; 公共 gōnggòng public, communal, common; 公共汽车 gōnggòngqìchē (public) bus; 李公 Lǐgōng (honorable and old) Mr Li
[tóng] same, with; 同志 tóngzhì comrade
[tòng] (F衕) 胡同 hútòng lane
三(A叁) [sān] three; 第三世界 dì-sān shìjiè 3rd World; 三月 sānyuè March
[yǐ] stop, cease, end, (=已经 yǐjīng) already
{Compare with 己 jǐ self, which is "open" on the left side}
[lǎo] old, venerable, outdated; 老师 lǎoshī teacher; 老虎 lǎohǔ tiger; 老张 lǎo Zhāng old Zhang = dear (friend) Mr Zhang
从(F從) [cóng] from, through, join, follower, secondary
[cōng] 黑从从 hēicōngcōng murky
动(F動) [dòng] move, change, arouce; 动物 dòngwù animal; 活动 huódòng activity; 运动 yùndòng sports
两(F兩) [liǎng] two (before classifier), 50 grams
长(F長) [cháng] long, lasting, length
[zhǎng] grow up, chief, head, older, elder
[zhī] realize, sense, inform, tell, (=知道 zhīdao) know; 知识 zhīshi knowledge
[zhì] (=智 zhì) wit, (=智慧 zhìhuì) wisdom, (=智力 zhìlì) intellect
[mín] (=人民 rénmín) people, <family name>; 民主 mǐnzhǔ democracy
样(F樣) [yàng] appearance, shape, form, manner; 这样 zhèyàng like this; 怎么样 zěnmeyàng how? in what way?
现(F現) [xiàn] show, appear, current; 现在 xiànzài now; 发现 fāxiàn discover; 现代 xiàndài modern
[fēn] divide, fraction, minute, cent; 百分之五 bǎifēnzhīwǔ = 5/100 = 5%
[fèn] limits of rights or duty
将(F將) [jiāng] shall; 将来 jiānglái future
[jiàng] general, a piece in Chinese chess 麻将 májiàng mahjongg
[wài] outside, outer, other, foreign, beyond, relative on ones mother's/sisters/wife's side; 外孙 wàisūn daugthers son; 外国人 wàiguórén foreigner; 意外 yìwài unexpected
{Compare with 处 chù place}
[dàn] (=但是 dànshì) but, still, nevertheless, however, yet
[shēn] life, incarnation, <classifier for suits of clothing>, (=身体 shēntǐ) body; 亲身 qīnshēn in person, personally
[xiē] some, <classifier for plural or indefinite/small amount>; 一些 yìxiē a number of, some; 这些人 zhèxiē rén these people
与(F與) [yǔ] give, offer, help, support, and
[yù] 参与 cānyù participate in
[yú] 欤 <interrogative/esclamative particle>
{Compare with 写 xiě write}
[gāo] high, tall, loud, <polite> your, <family name>; 提高 tígāo improve; 高兴 gāoxìng happy; 高见 gāojiàn <polite> your opinion/idea
[yì] (=意思 yìsi, =意义 yìyì) meaning, idea, (=愿意 yuànyi) wish, desire; 意图 yìtú intention; 意见 yìjian opinion; 意大利 Yìdàlì Italy
进(F進) [jìn] enter, go forward, recieve, drink, eat, submit; 进步 jìnbù progress
[bǎ] grasp, hold, handle, <classifier for things with handles, handfuls, chairs, etc.>
[bà] 把子 bàzi, 把儿 bàr handle
[fǎ] (=法律 fǎlǜ) law, (=办法 bànfǎ) method; 法国 Fǎguó France
[cǐ] this; 如此 rúcǐ (=这样 zhèyàng) like this; 此地 cǐdì (=这里 zhèlǐ) here, at this place
实(F實) [shí] solid, true, real; 事实 shìshí fact; 实际上 shíjìshang actually; 实在 shízài really
[huí] circle, return, reply, turns, times, chapter, Muslim, Hui (ethnic minority), <classifier for chapters, times, etc.>; 回来 huílái come back; 回去 huíqù go back; 回答 huídá answer
二(A贰) [èr] two; 二月 èryuè February
[lǐ] principle; 理论 lǐlùn theory; 管理 guǎnlǐ manage; 心理 xīnlǐ psychology, mentality
[měi] (=美丽 meilì) beautiful, (=好 hǎo) good, (=美德 měidé) virtue, <family name>; 美国 Měiguó USA; 美元 měiyuán US$ 美家 měijiā artist
点(F點) [diǎn] a drop (of liquid), dot, decimal point, a little, a bit, appoint time, select, choose, order food/drink, <classifier for small amounts>, (=点火 diǎnhuǒ) light a fire; 一点儿 yìdiǎnr a little; 点头 diǎntóu nod one's head
[yuè] month, (=月亮 yuèliang, =月球 yuèqiú) moon
[míng] bright, clear, distinct, next (day or year), <family name>; 明白 míngbai clear, understand; 明天 míngtiān tomorrow
[qí] its, that, such, they, them; 其他 qítā other; 尤其 yóuqí especially
[jī] anniversary
种(F種) [zhǒng] kind, sort, breed, race
[zhòng] to plant, cultivate
声(F聲) [shēng] voice, declaration, (=声音 shēngyīn) sound, <classifier for sounds>; 声名 shēngmíng reputation, fame, statement, declaration
[quán] whole, entire, total, complete, <family name>; 完全 wánquán completely; 安全 ānquán safety
[gōng] (=工作 gōngzuò) work, job; 工人 gōngrén worker
[jǐ] (=自己 zìjǐ) self
{Compare with 已 yǐ already, which is "closed" on the left side}
话(F話) [huà] speech, word, language, dialect, (=说话 shuōhuà) talk, speak
[huo] 白话 báihuo = báihuà vernacular, empty talk
儿(F兒) [ér] child; 儿子 érzi son; 女儿 nǚ'ér daughter
[r] (noun suffix); 这儿 zhèr here; 那儿 nàr there
[rén] (when referring to the radical)
{Compare with 兄 xiōng brother, 几 jǐ table, 臾 yú moment}
[zhě] one who...; 作者 zuòzhě author; 和平主义者 hépíngzhǔyìzhě pacifist
[xiàng] take somebody's part, to, towards, all along, allways, <family name>, (F嚮) direction, towards, (F曏) formerly, previously; 向者 xiàngzhě formerly, once upon a time
[qíng] sensibility, (=感情 gǎnqíng) feeling, emotion; 爱情 àiqíng love
[bù] (=部分 bùfen) part, section, unit, <classifier for film, large books, machines, etc.>, (=部队 bùduì) troops, army; 西部 xībù western part; 全部 quánbù entire
[zhèng] right, straight, upright, correct
[zhēng] 正月 zhēngyuè, 新正 xīnzhēng the 1st month of lunar year
[míng] (=名字 míngzi) name, personal name, reputation, famous, <classifier for persons with professional or prominent social identities, e.g. students, doctors, soldiers, workers>; 著名 zhùmíng famous; 名词 míngcí noun
[dìng] fix, settle, calm, stable, subscribe, (=决定 juédìng) decide; 一定 yídìng definite
fetsi [nǚ] female, (=女人 nǚrén, =妇女 fùnǚ) woman
问(F問) [wèn] ask, examine; 问题 wèntí question, problem; 访问 fǎngwèn visit
[lì] (=活力 nénglì) energy, vitality, <family name>, (=力量 lìliang) strength, force
机(F機) [jī] (=机器 jīqi) machine; 收音机 shōuyīnjī radio; 飞机 fēijī aircraft
给(F給) [gěi] give, give to, for, for the benefit of; 送给 sònggěi send/present to
[jǐ] give, supply, provide, (=供给 gōngjǐ) provide
[děng] equal, class, wait, and so on, etc.
[jī] small table, (F幾) 几乎 jīhū almost
[jǐ] (F幾) how many?, a few, (used in numerals)
{Compare with 儿 ér child}
[hěn] very, quite; 很好 hěnhǎo very good; 很不错! hěn búcuò! not bad at all!
业(F業) [yè] line of business, trade, occupation, profession, course of study, engage in, <family name>; 商业 shāngyè commerce; 工业 gōngyè industry; 作业 zuòyè homework
[zuì] most, marking for superlative; 最近 zuìjìn recently/soon; 最喜欢 zuì xǐhuan favorite
间(F間) [jiān] room, between, locality, within given time or space, <classifier for rooms>
[jiàn] gap, interval
[gān] 半间不界 bàn'gānbùgà neither this nor that, inexplicit, equivocal, mediocre
[xīn] new, renew; 重新 chóngxīn again; 新闻 xīnwén news
什(F甚) [shén] 什么 shénme what?
[shí] (=十 shí) ten
[dǎ] strike, hit, get, play, (generalized verb with specific meaning determined by its object); 打算 dǎsuan plan, intend; 打开 dǎkāi open, unfold; 打击 dǎjī strike, hitt, attack, assault
[dá] dozen
便 [biàn] (=方便 fāngbiàn) convenient
[pián] 便宜 piányi cheap
{Compare with 使 shǐ send and 更 gèng more}
[wèi] place, location, position, <polite classifier for people>
[yīn] cause, (=因为 yīnwèi) because, (=原因 yuányīn) reason
[zhòng] weight, considerable in amount/value, (=沉重 chénzhòng) heavy, weighty, (=重要 zhòngyào) important
[chóng] again
[bèi] quilt, cover (with), by (indicates passive voice)
[pī] 被服 pīfú = bèifú bedding and clothing, something one hangs on to
[zǒu] go, walk, leave
电(F電) [diàn] (=闪电 shǎndiàn) (flash of) lightning, (=电气 diànqì) electricity; 电话 diànhuà phone; 电脑 diànnǎo computer
四(A肆) [sì] four; 四周 sìzhōu all around; 四月 sìyuè April
[dì] indicating ordinal number, ~th; 第三世界 dì-sān shìjiè 3rd World; 第一次 dì-yī cì 1st time
门(F門) [mén] door, gate, family, house, valve, switch, <family name>, <classifier for courses, braches of science, etc.>; 门口 ménkǒu doorway; 部门 bùmén department; 门铃 ménlíng doorbell
[xiāng] each other, mutual, mode, phase, <family name>
[xiàng] look at, appearance, photo
[cì] occurence, time, second, inferior, number of times; 两次 liǎng cì twice
东(F東) [dōng] master, owner, <family name> (=东方 dōngfāng) east; 东北 dōngběi northeast; 东西 dōngxi thing, creature
{Compare with 车 chē vehicle}
[zhèng] (=政治 zhèngzhì) politics, political affairs, (=政府 zhèngfǔ) government
[hǎi] sea, big lake, <family name>, (=海洋 hǎiyáng, =大海 dàhǎi) sea, ocean
[kǒu] mouth, opening, entrance, hole, cut, <classifier for mouthfuls, people, wells, etc.>; 门口 ménkǒu doorway; 人口 rénkǒu population
使 [shǐ] make, cause to (do), send (as envoy), (=使用 shǐyòng) use, apply
{Compare with 吏 lì and 便 biàn official}
[jiāo] teach; 王老师教数学. Wáng lǎoshī jiāo shùxué. Teacher Wang teaches math.
[jiào] cause, ask to, teach; 教师 jiàoshī teacher, instructor; 教育 jiàoyù education
西 [xī] west, western; 东西 dōngxi thing; 西北 xīběi northwest
[zài] again, once more; 再见 zàijiàn goodbye
[píng] flat, level, even; 水平 shuǐpíng level; 和平 hépíng peace; 平常 píngcháng ordinary, common, usually
{Compare with 半 bàn half}
[zhēn] true, genuine, really
{There are two ways of writing this character!}
听(F聽) [tīng] listen; 听见 tīngjiàn hear; 听不懂 tīngbudǒng don't understand (by listening)
[shì] generation, <family name>, (=世界 shìjiè) world; 世纪 shìjì century
气(F氣) [qì] air, gas, vapor, spirit, vital energy; 天气 tiānqi weather
[xìn] letter, message, information, (=相信 xiāngxìn) belive in; 信封 xìnfēng envelope
[běi] north; 东北 dōngběi northeast; 北京 Běijīng
[shǎo] few, little, less, lack
[shào] young; 少年 shàonián juvenile
关(F關) [guān] shut, close, turn off, close down, concern, key part; 关系 guānxi connection; 关于 guānyú concerning
[bìng] (F併) combine, merge, (F並) and, equally, truly
[bīng] 并州 Bìng Zhōu (Taiyuan in Shanxi)
{Compare with 开 kāi open}
内(F內) [nèi] inside; 内容 nèiróng content
{Compare with 肉 ròu meat and 丙 bǐng third}
[jiā] add, plus, append, (=增加 zēngjiā) increase; 参加 cānjiā join
[huà] convert, melt, dissolve, digest, incinerate, (=变化 biànhuà) change, transform
[huā] (=花 huā) spend
[yóu] from, let, (=由于 yóuyú) due to, (=理由 lǐyóu) cause, reason; 自由 zìyóu freedom
{Compare with 甲 jiǎ helmet and 申 shēn explain}
却(F卻) [què] however, but, yet
[dài] (=代表 dàibiǎo) represent, (=时代 shídài) generation, period, epoch, <classifier for periods>; 现代 xiàndài modern (times); 上代 shàngdài previous generation
军(F軍) [jūn] army, military, troops
产(F產) [chǎn] give birth to, (=产生 chǎnshēng) produce, (=产品 chǎnpǐn) product
[rù] (=进入 jìnrù) enter, get into; 收入 shōurù income
{Compare with 人 rén person}
[xiān] first, before, earlier; 先生 xiānsheng mister, gentleman, Sir; 祖先 zǔxiān = 先辈 xiānbèi ancestor
{Compare with 失 shī lose}
cmana [shān] hill, mountain, <family name>; 火山 huǒshān volcano; 山脉 shānmài mountain range
五(A伍) [wǔ] five; 五月 wǔyuè May
[tài] great, very, too; 太太 tàitai Madame; 太阳 tàiyáng sun, sunshine
{Compare with 大 dà big}
[shuǐ] water, liquid, <family name>; 水平 shuǐpíng level; 水果 shuǐguǒ fruit; 药水 yàoshuǐ liquid medecine
{Compare with 永 yǒng forever}
万(F萬) [wàn] ten thousand, myriad, <family name>; 万岁 wànsuì long live
[Mò] 万俟 Mòqí <family name>
{Compare with 方 fāng square}
[shì] (=市场 shìchǎng) market, (=城市 chéngshì) city, town