BPFK Section: Irrealis Attitudinals: Difference between revisions

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{{BPFK Section from tiki|BPFK Section: Irrealis Attitudinals|26}}
==Proposed definitions ==


=== Proposed definitions ===
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=== cmavo: .a'i (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express effort / endeavor / exertion / labor / pains / strife / toil.


;'''.a'i '''  (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express effort / endeavor / exertion / labor / pains / strife / toil. (cf. troci, gunka, slunandu, selprogunka, fu'i nai)
==== See Also ====
* {troci}
* {gunka}
* {slunandu}
* {selprogunka}
* {fu'i nai}


.a'i mi ze'a ba ralte
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* effort


<br />  ''I'm trying to hold it!''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.a'i mi ze'a ba ralte :''I'm trying to hold it!''


.a'i mi ba gasnu lo nu do cikna binxo
;.a'i mi ba gasnu lo nu do cikna binxo :''It'll be hard for me to wake you up.''
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<br /> ''It'll be hard for me to wake you up.''
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=== cmavo: .a'i cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express effortlessness / ease / facility / no special effort


;'''.a'i cu'i'''  (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express effortlessness / ease / facility / no special effort (cf. selfrili, fu'i)
==== See Also ====
* {selfrili}
* {fu'i}


.a'i cu'i ti frili
==== Proposed Keywords ====


<br />  ''Ah, this is easy.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.a'i cu'i ti frili :''Ah, this is easy.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


;'''.a'i nai'''  (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express repose / inaction / inactivity / passivity / lackadaisicalness / indolence(cf. toltoi, cando, guksurla)
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=== cmavo: .a'i nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express repose / inaction / inactivity / passivity / lackadaisicalness / indolence


.a'i nai cikre ta
==== See Also ====
* {toltoi}
* {cando}
* {guksurla}


<br />  ''Nah, why bother fixing it.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====


;'''.ai''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express intent / intentionality / purpose / design  (cf. zukte, platu)
==== Usage Examples ====
;.a'i nai cikre ta :''Nah, why bother fixing it.''
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.ai mi ze'e ba jmive<br />
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=== cmavo: .ai (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express intent / intentionality / purpose / design


''I intend to live forever.''
==== See Also ====
* {zukte}
* {platu}


.ai le mi cukta do sidju gi'e pacnygau<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====


''I intend for my book to give you help and hope.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.ai mi ze'e ba jmive :'''I intend to live forever.''


;'''.ai cu'i''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express indecision / hesitation / vacillation / wavering.
;.ai le mi cukta do sidju gi'e pacnygau :''I intend for my book to give you help and hope.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


.ai cu'i mi ti ba te vecnu<br />
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=== cmavo: .ai cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express indecision / hesitation / vacillation / wavering.


''I don't know whether I'll purchase these or not.''
==== See Also ====
* {y}


;'''.ai nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express non-intent / unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness. (cf. selsnuti)
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* indecision
* hesitation


.ai nai mi gunka ca le pavdei<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.ai cu'i mi ti ba te vecnu :''I don't know whether I'll purchase these or not.''
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''I'm not planning to work on Monday.''
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=== cmavo: .ai nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express non-intent / unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.


.ai nai mi jmina lo valsi poi mi finti<br />
==== See Also ====
* {selsnuti}


''I don't mean to add words of my own devising.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* unintentional


.ai nai do pu se xrani<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.ai nai mi gunka ca le pavdei :''I'm not planning to work on Monday.''


''I didn't mean for you to get hurt.''
;.ai nai mi jmina lo valsi poi mi finti :''I don't mean to add words of my own devising.''


;'''.au''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express desire / wish / yearning / aspiration. (cf. djica)
;.ai nai do pu se xrani :''I didn't mean for you to get hurt.''
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.au lo tricu cu krati lo ro se genja gi'e sfasa lo kusru be gy<br />
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=== cmavo: .au (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express desire / wish / yearning / aspiration.


''Would that the trees might speak on behalf of all things that have roots, and punish those that wrong them!''
==== See Also ====
* {djica}


;'''.au cu'i''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express indifference / apathy / disinterest. (cf. nordji)
==== Proposed Keywords ====


.au cu'i makau jinga<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.au lo tricu cu krati lo ro se genja gi'e sfasa lo kusru be gy :''Would that the trees might speak on behalf of all things that have roots, and punish those that wrong them!''
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''I don't really care who wins.''
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=== cmavo: .au cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express indifference / apathy / disinterest.


;'''.au nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express reluctance / averseness / disinclination. (cf. toldji)
==== See Also ====
* {nordji}


.au nai mi cliva<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* indifference


''I'm reluctant to leave.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.au cu'i makau jinga :''I don't really care who wins.''
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;'''.a'o''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express hope / longing. (cf. pacna)
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=== cmavo: .au nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express reluctance / averseness / disinclination.


.a'o le nobli cu gidva lo se zukte be mi<br />
==== See Also ====
* {toldji}


''Oh, that the Lord would guide my ways.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====


;'''.a'o nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express despair / hopelessness / dread / fear that a situation ensues. (cf. tolpacna)
====Usage Examples ====
;.au nai mi cliva :''I'm reluctant to leave.''


.a'o nai ro da ca se cirko<br />
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''Everything will be lost now.''
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===cmavo: .a'o (UI1) ===
====Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express hope / longing.
====See Also ====
* pacna


;'''.ei''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express obligation / how things ought to be. (cf. bilga) 
====Usage Examples ====
;.a'o le nobli cu gidva lo se zukte be mi :''Oh, that the Lord would guide my ways.''
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.ei mi cliva co'o<br />
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=== cmavo: .a'o nai (UI*1) ===


''Gotta go now, bye!''
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express despair / hopelessness / dread / fear that a situation ensues.


.ei le jatna cu ckeji<br />
==== See Also ====
* {tolpa'a}


''The president ought to be ashamed.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* despair


.ei do djuno<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.a'o nai ro da ca se cirko :''Everything will be lost now.''
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''You ought to know.''
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=== cmavo: .ei (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express obligation / how things ought to be.


;'''.ei nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express  freedom / lack of obligation / how things need not be. (cf. zifre)
==== See Also ====
* {bilga}


.ei nai do tolnurcni<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* obligation


''You don't have to feel threatened.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.ei mi cliva co'o :''Gotta go now, bye!''


;'''.e'a''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to permit / allow / grant permission / authorization / consent / license. (cf. curmi) 
;.ei le jatna cu ckeji :''The president ought to be ashamed.''


.e'a do tsebi'o<br />
;.ei do djuno :''You ought to know.''
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''You may sit down.''
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=== cmavo: .ei nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express  freedom / lack of obligation / how things need not be.


;'''.e'a nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to prohibit / forbid / deny permission / authorization / consent / license. (cf. tolcru)
==== See Also ====
* {zifre}


.e'a nai do ti stali<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* freedom


''You can't stay here.''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.ei nai do tolnurcni :''You don't have to feel threatened.''
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;'''.e'e''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to exhort / incite / motivate / encourage / entreat / stimulate / challenge / dare / provoke / invite competition. (cf. talsa)
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=== cmavo: .e'a (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to permit / allow / grant permission / authorization / consent / license.


.e'e ko jarco lo se kakne be do<br />
==== See Also ====
* {curmi}


''Show them what you can do! Go for it!''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* allow
* permission


.e'e mi do bajra jivna fe'e co'u le karce<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'a do tsebi'o :''You may sit down.''
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''I'll race you to the car!''
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=== cmavo: .e'a nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to prohibit / forbid / deny permission / authorization / consent / license.


;'''.e'e nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to discourage / intimidate / demoralize / deprecate / dampen / bridle / avoid / dodge / elude / duck / evade / back off / withdraw. (cf. zunti, dicra)
==== See Also ====
* {tolcru}


.e'e nai doi nelis<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* prohibit
* forbid


''Whoa, Nelly!''
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'a nai do ti stali :''You can't stay here.''
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.e'e nai mi bilga lo nu zukte lo drata<br />
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=== cmavo: .e'e (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to exhort / incite / motivate / encourage / entreat / stimulate / challenge / dare / provoke / invite competition.


''Sorry, I have other things to do.''
==== See Also ====
* {talsa}


;'''.e'i''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to command / dictate / instruct / order / oblige / constrain / impose an obligation.  (cf. minde, ri'urgau)
==== Proposed Keywords ====


.e'i ko ta mi dunda<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'e ko jarco lo se kakne be do :''Show them what you can do! Go for it!''


''Give that to me!''
;.e'e mi do bajra jivna fe'e co'u le karce :''I'll race you to the car!''
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;'''.e'i nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to discharge / absolve / dismiss / exonerate / liberate / release / unbind / free of an obligation. (cf. zi'ergau)
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=== cmavo: .e'e nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to discourage / intimidate / demoralize / deprecate / dampen / bridle / avoid / dodge / elude / duck / evade / back off / withdraw.


.e'i nai ko zukte lo se djica be do<br />
==== See Also ====
* {zunti}
* {dicra}


''Do whatever you please!''
==== Proposed Keywords ====


;'''.e'o''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to make a request. (cf. cpedu, pe'u)
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'e nai doi nelis :''Whoa, Nelly!''


.e'o do dunda le silna mi<br />
;.e'e nai mi bilga lo nu zukte lo drata :''Sorry, I have other things to do.''
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''Can you pass me the salt, please?''
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=== cmavo: .e'i (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to command / dictate / instruct / order / oblige / constrain / impose an obligation.


;'''.e'o nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to grant / cede / proffer / make an offer. (cf. friti)
==== See Also ====
* {minde}
* {ri'urgau}


.e'o nai ko lebna lo titla<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====


''Here, have some candy.''
====Usage Examples ====
;.e'i ko ta mi dunda :''Give that to me!''
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;'''.e'u''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to suggest / persuade / advise. (cf. stidi)
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=== cmavo: .e'i nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to discharge / absolve / dismiss / exonerate / liberate / release / unbind / free of an obligation.


.e'u mi'o salci<br />
==== See Also ====
* {zi'ergau}


''Let's party!''
==== Proposed Keywords ====


;'''.e'u nai''' (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to dissuade / warn / disadvise. (cf. kajde, o'i)
====Usage Examples ====
;.e'i nai ko zukte lo se djica be do :''Do whatever you please!''
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.e'u nai do kargau le moklu<br />
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=== cmavo: .e'o (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to make a request.


''You better not open your mouth.''
==== See Also ====
* {cpedu}
* {pe'u}
* {ko}


;'''ia'''  (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express belief / conviction / faith / certainty (cf. krici, birti, jinvi)
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* request


ia lo cevni cu zasti<br />
====Usage Examples ====
;.e'o do dunda le silna mi :''Can you pass me the salt, please?''
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''Indeed God exists.''
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=== cmavo: .e'o nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to grant / cede / proffer / make an offer.


;'''ia cu'i'''  (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express skepticism / doubt / agnosticism / uncertainty. (cf. senpi)
==== See Also ====
* {friti}


ia cu'i lo cevni cu zasti<br />
==== Proposed Keywords ====


''Hmm ... God may or may not exist.''  
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'o nai ko lebna lo titla :''Here, have some candy.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


;'''ia nai''(UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express disbelief / incredulity / rejection (cf. tolkri)
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=== cmavo: .e'u (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to suggest / persuade / advise.


ia nai lo cevni cu zasti<br />
==== See Also ====
* {stidi}


''I don't believe God exists.''
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* suggestion


;'''ie''' (UI1): Attitudinal. Used to express agreement / concordance / accord / concurrence. (cf. tugni)
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'u mi'o salci :''Let's party!''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


ie ta melbi<br />
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=== cmavo: .e'u nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to dissuade / warn / disadvise.


''Yes, that's beautiful.''
==== See Also ====
* {kajde}
* {o'i}


;'''ie nai'''  (UI*1): Attitudinal. Used to express disagreement / dissent / contention / difference / argument. (cf. toltu'i)
==== Proposed Keywords ====


ie nai go'i<br />
==== Usage Examples ====
;.e'u nai do kargau le moklu :''You better not open your mouth.''
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''I disagree with that.''
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=== cmavo: ia (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express belief / conviction / faith / certainty
 
==== See Also ====
* {krici}
* {birti}
* {jinvi}
 
==== Proposed Keywords ====
 
==== Usage Examples ====
;ia lo cevni cu zasti :''Indeed God exists.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}
 
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: ia cu'i (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express skepticism / doubt / agnosticism / uncertainty.
 
==== See Also ====
* {senpi}
 
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* doubt
 
==== Usage Examples ====
;ia cu'i lo cevni cu zasti :''Hmm ... God may or may not exist.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}
 
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: ia nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express disbelief / incredulity / rejection
 
==== See Also ====
* {tolkri}
 
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* disbelief
 
==== Usage Examples ====
;ia nai lo cevni cu zasti :''I don't believe God exists.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}
 
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: ie (UI1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express agreement / concordance / accord / concurrence.
 
==== See Also ====
* {tugni}
 
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* agreement
 
==== Usage Examples ====
;ie ta melbi :''Yes, that's beautiful.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}
 
{{BPFK Section box open}}
=== cmavo: ie nai (UI*1) ===
==== Proposed Definition ====
Attitudinal. Used to express disagreement / dissent / contention / difference / argument.
 
==== See Also ====
* {toltu'i}
 
==== Proposed Keywords ====
* disagreement
 
==== Usage Examples ====
;ie nai go'i :''I disagree with that.''
{{BPFK Section box close}}


=== Notes ===
=== Notes ===


* The definitions of ''e'e'' and ''e'i'' are based on a very loose interpretation of some of the keywords, so that they fit the e-series, which in all other cases expresses the speaker's attitude towards the audience's bringing about some situation.  
* The definitions of ''e'e'' and ''e'i'' are based on a very loose interpretation of some of the keywords, so that they fit the e-series, which in all other cases expresses the speaker's attitude towards the audience's bringing about some situation.


* '''ai nai''' changed from rejection / refusal (which is '''i'a nai''') to unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.
* '''ai nai''' changed from rejection / refusal (which is '''i'a nai''') to unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.
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* selpa'i uses {.ei} as "should" and {.e'i} as "must" (as in {.e'i mi'o denpa .i lo sorpeka pu'o zvati}), I (camgusmis) think that's pretty good.  The {.e'e} here is obviously out of the question, and I think keeping something like "must" is worth it, too, and closer to what we have.
* selpa'i uses {.ei} as "should" and {.e'i} as "must" (as in {.e'i mi'o denpa .i lo sorpeka pu'o zvati}), I (camgusmis) think that's pretty good.  The {.e'e} here is obviously out of the question, and I think keeping something like "must" is worth it, too, and closer to what we have.
** That was long ago, I now prefer {.e'i} as proposed on this page, and I'm a big fan of the proposed {.e'e}.--[[selpa'i]]
=== Section Issues ===


===  Section Issues ===
* Recent discussions have brought up the question of whether a realis/irrealis dichotomy makes sense at all, or whether all bridi are implicitly semi-realis, with some attitudinals leading to stronger implications one way or the other. Public opinion seems to be in favor of removing the split. If so, the definitions may need to be tweaked to make this more clear. If not, then someone needs to speak up in defense of the split.


* Recent discussions have brought up the question of whether a realis/irrealis dichotomy makes sense at all, or whether all bridi are implicitly semi-realis, with some attitudinals leading to stronger implications one way or the other. Public opinion seems to be in favor of removing the split. If so, the definitions may need to be tweaked to make this more clear. If not, then someone needs to speak up in defense of the split.


[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/dc6bb04a6f9167f3 The realis/irrealis distinction] has been rather hotly debated over the years. It is my ( Lindar ) opinion that the reality/irreality of the UI is dependent upon the reality/irreality of the jufra, and can be indicated with da'i/da'inai or some other kind of marker. This way ''ni'o .a'o mi klama'' can mean ''I hope I go.'' in one instance and ''I'm going, about which I feel hopeful.'' for another, rather than being restricted to one meaning.
[http://groups.google.com/group/lojban/browse_thread/thread/dc6bb04a6f9167f3 The realis/irrealis distinction] has been rather hotly debated over the years. It is my ( Lindar ) opinion that the reality/irreality of the UI is dependent upon the reality/irreality of the jufra, and can be indicated with da'i/da'inai or some other kind of marker. This way ''ni'o .a'o mi klama'' can mean ''I hope I go.'' in one instance and ''I'm going, about which I feel hopeful.'' for another, rather than being restricted to one meaning.


=== Poll ===
===Poll ===


{POLL(pollId=>24)}BPFK Poll: Irrealis Attitudinals{POLL}
{{BPFK Section poll| {POLL(pollId=>24)}BPFK Poll: Irrealis Attitudinals{POLL} }}
[[Category:BPFK Sections including selma'o UI|I]]

Latest revision as of 23:12, 3 April 2020

This page is imported from version 26 of the page BPFK Section: Irrealis Attitudinals from the lojban Tiki.

Proposed definitions

cmavo: .a'i (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express effort / endeavor / exertion / labor / pains / strife / toil.

See Also

  • {troci}
  • {gunka}
  • {slunandu}
  • {selprogunka}
  • {fu'i nai}

Proposed Keywords

  • effort

Usage Examples

.a'i mi ze'a ba ralte
I'm trying to hold it!
.a'i mi ba gasnu lo nu do cikna binxo
It'll be hard for me to wake you up.


cmavo: .a'i cu'i (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express effortlessness / ease / facility / no special effort

See Also

  • {selfrili}
  • {fu'i}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.a'i cu'i ti frili
Ah, this is easy.


cmavo: .a'i nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express repose / inaction / inactivity / passivity / lackadaisicalness / indolence

See Also

  • {toltoi}
  • {cando}
  • {guksurla}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.a'i nai cikre ta
Nah, why bother fixing it.


cmavo: .ai (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express intent / intentionality / purpose / design

See Also

  • {zukte}
  • {platu}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.ai mi ze'e ba jmive
'I intend to live forever.
.ai le mi cukta do sidju gi'e pacnygau
I intend for my book to give you help and hope.


cmavo: .ai cu'i (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express indecision / hesitation / vacillation / wavering.

See Also

  • {y}

Proposed Keywords

  • indecision
  • hesitation

Usage Examples

.ai cu'i mi ti ba te vecnu
I don't know whether I'll purchase these or not.


cmavo: .ai nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express non-intent / unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.

See Also

  • {selsnuti}

Proposed Keywords

  • unintentional

Usage Examples

.ai nai mi gunka ca le pavdei
I'm not planning to work on Monday.
.ai nai mi jmina lo valsi poi mi finti
I don't mean to add words of my own devising.
.ai nai do pu se xrani
I didn't mean for you to get hurt.


cmavo: .au (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express desire / wish / yearning / aspiration.

See Also

  • {djica}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.au lo tricu cu krati lo ro se genja gi'e sfasa lo kusru be gy
Would that the trees might speak on behalf of all things that have roots, and punish those that wrong them!


cmavo: .au cu'i (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express indifference / apathy / disinterest.

See Also

  • {nordji}

Proposed Keywords

  • indifference

Usage Examples

.au cu'i makau jinga
I don't really care who wins.


cmavo: .au nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express reluctance / averseness / disinclination.

See Also

  • {toldji}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.au nai mi cliva
I'm reluctant to leave.



cmavo: .a'o (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express hope / longing.

See Also

  • pacna

Usage Examples

.a'o le nobli cu gidva lo se zukte be mi
Oh, that the Lord would guide my ways.


cmavo: .a'o nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express despair / hopelessness / dread / fear that a situation ensues.

See Also

  • {tolpa'a}

Proposed Keywords

  • despair

Usage Examples

.a'o nai ro da ca se cirko
Everything will be lost now.


cmavo: .ei (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express obligation / how things ought to be.

See Also

  • {bilga}

Proposed Keywords

  • obligation

Usage Examples

.ei mi cliva co'o
Gotta go now, bye!
.ei le jatna cu ckeji
The president ought to be ashamed.
.ei do djuno
You ought to know.


cmavo: .ei nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express freedom / lack of obligation / how things need not be.

See Also

  • {zifre}

Proposed Keywords

  • freedom

Usage Examples

.ei nai do tolnurcni
You don't have to feel threatened.


cmavo: .e'a (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to permit / allow / grant permission / authorization / consent / license.

See Also

  • {curmi}

Proposed Keywords

  • allow
  • permission

Usage Examples

.e'a do tsebi'o
You may sit down.


cmavo: .e'a nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to prohibit / forbid / deny permission / authorization / consent / license.

See Also

  • {tolcru}

Proposed Keywords

  • prohibit
  • forbid

Usage Examples

.e'a nai do ti stali
You can't stay here.


cmavo: .e'e (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to exhort / incite / motivate / encourage / entreat / stimulate / challenge / dare / provoke / invite competition.

See Also

  • {talsa}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.e'e ko jarco lo se kakne be do
Show them what you can do! Go for it!
.e'e mi do bajra jivna fe'e co'u le karce
I'll race you to the car!


cmavo: .e'e nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to discourage / intimidate / demoralize / deprecate / dampen / bridle / avoid / dodge / elude / duck / evade / back off / withdraw.

See Also

  • {zunti}
  • {dicra}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.e'e nai doi nelis
Whoa, Nelly!
.e'e nai mi bilga lo nu zukte lo drata
Sorry, I have other things to do.


cmavo: .e'i (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to command / dictate / instruct / order / oblige / constrain / impose an obligation.

See Also

  • {minde}
  • {ri'urgau}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.e'i ko ta mi dunda
Give that to me!


cmavo: .e'i nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to discharge / absolve / dismiss / exonerate / liberate / release / unbind / free of an obligation.

See Also

  • {zi'ergau}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.e'i nai ko zukte lo se djica be do
Do whatever you please!


cmavo: .e'o (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to make a request.

See Also

  • {cpedu}
  • {pe'u}
  • {ko}

Proposed Keywords

  • request

Usage Examples

.e'o do dunda le silna mi
Can you pass me the salt, please?


cmavo: .e'o nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to grant / cede / proffer / make an offer.

See Also

  • {friti}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.e'o nai ko lebna lo titla
Here, have some candy.


cmavo: .e'u (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to suggest / persuade / advise.

See Also

  • {stidi}

Proposed Keywords

  • suggestion

Usage Examples

.e'u mi'o salci
Let's party!


cmavo: .e'u nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to dissuade / warn / disadvise.

See Also

  • {kajde}
  • {o'i}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

.e'u nai do kargau le moklu
You better not open your mouth.


cmavo: ia (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express belief / conviction / faith / certainty

See Also

  • {krici}
  • {birti}
  • {jinvi}

Proposed Keywords

Usage Examples

ia lo cevni cu zasti
Indeed God exists.


cmavo: ia cu'i (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express skepticism / doubt / agnosticism / uncertainty.

See Also

  • {senpi}

Proposed Keywords

  • doubt

Usage Examples

ia cu'i lo cevni cu zasti
Hmm ... God may or may not exist.


cmavo: ia nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express disbelief / incredulity / rejection

See Also

  • {tolkri}

Proposed Keywords

  • disbelief

Usage Examples

ia nai lo cevni cu zasti
I don't believe God exists.


cmavo: ie (UI1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express agreement / concordance / accord / concurrence.

See Also

  • {tugni}

Proposed Keywords

  • agreement

Usage Examples

ie ta melbi
Yes, that's beautiful.


cmavo: ie nai (UI*1)

Proposed Definition

Attitudinal. Used to express disagreement / dissent / contention / difference / argument.

See Also

  • {toltu'i}

Proposed Keywords

  • disagreement

Usage Examples

ie nai go'i
I disagree with that.


Notes

  • The definitions of e'e and e'i are based on a very loose interpretation of some of the keywords, so that they fit the e-series, which in all other cases expresses the speaker's attitude towards the audience's bringing about some situation.
  • ai nai changed from rejection / refusal (which is i'a nai) to unintentionality / accidentality / unplannedness.
  • e'o nai "make an offer", instead of "negative request"?
    • I have no idea what a "negative request" is. I do, however, see how "offer" is a negative of "request". - .aionys.
  • e'u cu'i "abandon suggestion"?
  • selpa'i uses {.ei} as "should" and {.e'i} as "must" (as in {.e'i mi'o denpa .i lo sorpeka pu'o zvati}), I (camgusmis) think that's pretty good. The {.e'e} here is obviously out of the question, and I think keeping something like "must" is worth it, too, and closer to what we have.
    • That was long ago, I now prefer {.e'i} as proposed on this page, and I'm a big fan of the proposed {.e'e}.--selpa'i

Section Issues

  • Recent discussions have brought up the question of whether a realis/irrealis dichotomy makes sense at all, or whether all bridi are implicitly semi-realis, with some attitudinals leading to stronger implications one way or the other. Public opinion seems to be in favor of removing the split. If so, the definitions may need to be tweaked to make this more clear. If not, then someone needs to speak up in defense of the split.


The realis/irrealis distinction has been rather hotly debated over the years. It is my ( Lindar ) opinion that the reality/irreality of the UI is dependent upon the reality/irreality of the jufra, and can be indicated with da'i/da'inai or some other kind of marker. This way ni'o .a'o mi klama can mean I hope I go. in one instance and I'm going, about which I feel hopeful. for another, rather than being restricted to one meaning.

Poll