pronunciation guide in Hindi: Difference between revisions
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(Remove old content, which I feel is no longer useful) Tag: 2017 source edit |
(Link to Wikipedia:Glottal stop) Tag: 2017 source edit |
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| , || [.] || syllable break | | , || [.] || syllable break | ||
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| . || [ʔ] || This sound doesn't appear in Hindi. It is the pause/catch between some words/syllables, such as in the English phrase "uh-oh", or as represented in Khasi by the consonant ''h'' (written in Bengali/Assamese script as হ) when it appears at the end of word. It also appears before many Arabic words that begin with ''a'', such as الله ("Allah") and أغاني (''agaani'', meaning "songs"). | | . || [ʔ] || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_stop Glottal stop.] This sound doesn't appear in Hindi. It is the pause/catch between some words/syllables, such as in the English phrase "uh-oh", or as represented in Khasi by the consonant ''h'' (written in Bengali/Assamese script as হ) when it appears at the end of word. It also appears before many Arabic words that begin with ''a'', such as الله ("Allah") and أغاني (''agaani'', meaning "songs"). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a || [ɑ] || आ (not अ) | | a || [ɑ] || आ (not अ) |
Revision as of 20:32, 24 September 2021
Lojban letteral | Accepted phonemes (IPA) | Hindi equivalents |
---|---|---|
' | [h] | ह |
, | [.] | syllable break |
. | [ʔ] | Glottal stop. This sound doesn't appear in Hindi. It is the pause/catch between some words/syllables, such as in the English phrase "uh-oh", or as represented in Khasi by the consonant h (written in Bengali/Assamese script as হ) when it appears at the end of word. It also appears before many Arabic words that begin with a, such as الله ("Allah") and أغاني (agaani, meaning "songs"). |
a | [ɑ] | आ (not अ) |
b | [b] | ब (not भ) |
c | [ʃ] preferred, [ʂ] acceptable | श preferred, ष acceptable |
d | [d] or any variant | ड, द (not ढ or ध) |
e | [ɛ], [e] | ए (not ऐ) |
f | [f], [ɸ] | फ (strictly फ़ [f]; the modern pronunciation of फ is somewhere between [f] and [ɸ], usually closer to [f], and is thus acceptable; whereas the historic/Sanskrit pronunciation is [pʰ], which maps to Lojban p, and thus is not acceptable) |
g | [g] | ग (not घ) |
i | [i] | ई (not इ). When the first letteral in a diphthong, equivalent to य, i.e. Lojban ia, ie, ii, io, iu are pronounced या, ये, यी, यो, यु/यू, respectively. |
j | [ʒ] | झ़ (not झ), as in the Arabic pronunciation of the loanword अझ़दहा (azhdahaa, meaning "dragon"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers. |
k | [k] | क, ख |
l | [l] | ल |
m | [m] | म |
n | [n] | न (not ण) |
o | [o], [ɔ] | ओ, औ |
p | [p] | प (not फ) |
r | [r] preferred, [ɾ] acceptable | र preferred, ड़ (not ड) acceptable |
s | [s] | स |
t | [t] or any variant | ट, ठ, त, थ |
u | [u] | उ, ऊ. When the first letteral in a diphthong, almost equivalent to व, i.e. Lojban ua, ue, ui, uo, uu are pronounced वा, वे, वी, वो, वु/वू, respectively. |
v | [v] | As in English "v" (not व [ʋ], which does not appear in Lojban). [v] is the typical (but not ubiquitous) pronunciation of व in व्रत; the upper lip and bottom teeth must meet to produce this sound. See here for more info. |
x | [x] | ख़ (not ख), as in the Arabic pronunciation of the loanword अख़बर (the name "Akhbar"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers. |
y | [ə] | The sound of अ (not आ) when it appears by the juxtaposition of consonants, e.g. the sound transliterated as a in कर kar, but notably not as in the start of अंदर/अन्दर andar, which is [ʌ]. |
z | [z] | ज़ (not ज), as in the Arabic pronunciation of the loanword मेज़ (mez, meaning "desk"). Usually difficult for native Hindi speakers. |